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BISC 371 > Microbiology Diversity > Flashcards

Microbiology Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Humans have over ___ trillion microbes residing in and on the body. Microbes outnumber human cells in what ratio?

A

100

3:1

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2
Q

What two types of bacteria does gram staining categorize into?

A

Gram Positive - Bacteria have much thicker cell walls, holding the dye in better (purple)
Gram Negative - Bacteria have much thinner cell walls, allowing the dye to leak (pink)

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3
Q

Using the MacConkey agar, does E.coli produce lactose? is it gram negative or positive?

A

It does produce lactose as it is red

It is gram negative

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4
Q

Branches shift depending on the genomes sequences used

A

tree of life

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5
Q

Gene sequencing is the main method used today to determines. Before it was mutations

A

relatedness between organisms

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6
Q

The most common fungi is ______

A

yeast

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7
Q

coccus means

A

spherical

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8
Q

Why are archaea hard to study

A

They leave in extreme places, are small, and are hard to find

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9
Q

We have never found an archaea that casues ______ in humans

A

disease

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10
Q

Mycology is the study of what?

A

Fungi

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11
Q

Hyphae and chitin makes fungi

A

distinct

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12
Q

A virus is an infectios agent that has RNA or DNA as it’s core

A

ds

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13
Q

How many bacteria can be in one teaspoon of fertile soil?

A

100 million to 1 billion

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14
Q

Microbes have also been found through the Earth’s _________, up to _ miles above ground

A

troposphere, 9

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15
Q

How can bacteria in the sky influence the weather?

A

Nucleating ice crystal formations and forming ran drops that eventually bring the bacteria back down to the ground

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16
Q

How do microbes in Antarctica stay alive?

A

They scavenge hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide form the air

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17
Q

Researchers found almost ______ different bacteria living under 800 meters of ice in the west Antarctic

A

4000

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18
Q

Marine microbes make up to __ to __% of the ocean’s biomass

A

70, 90

19
Q

______ _______ perform most of the world’s oxygen and also aid the in global cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and other nutrients

A

Marine microbes

20
Q

Where can most microbes in humans be found?

A

Skin, hair, respiratory system, and digestive tract

21
Q

How can microbes aid or harm humans?

A

Some help with digestion

Some causes lung infections or creates plaque on teeth

22
Q

Where can microbes be found?

A

Almost every environment on Earth

23
Q

Microbes can be both ______ and _________

A

prokaryotes, eukaryotes

24
Q

Which kingdoms have microbes?

A

Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and sometimes viruses

There are also some microscopic animals

25
Q

What 3 categories do we use to categorize microbes?

A

Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Genetic Phylogeny showing relationships between organisms

26
Q

Microscopy enables ________ __________ of microbes

A

visual identification

27
Q

What is Gram staining?

A

A technique to visualize bacteria

28
Q

What are examples of physical characteristics that can be identified with microscopes?

A

prokaryote vs eukaryote
size, shape, color, cell wall characteristics
immobile vs mobile

29
Q

Describe how the petri dish and agar came to be?

A
  • Scientists tried to cultivate microbes on various substrates like potatoes, egg white, and meat. These lacked the right nutrients
  • Robert Koch discovered that aqueous humor from rabbit eye was effective, but hard to get
  • Koch tried to use gelatin, but that liquefies at 37C
  • His assistant Angelina Hesse discovered that agar was effective
  • His other assistant Julius Petri designed a shallow, covered dish for the agar
30
Q

What is a colony?

A

A collection of multiple identical organisms

31
Q

What are some physical characteristics of colonies?

A

shape, elevation, margin, surface features, opacity, pigmentation

32
Q

What are some environmental conditions that affect microbe growth?

A

Temperature, surface material, humidity, PH, and the composition of nutrients

33
Q

How can we grow specific microbes?

A

Carefully controlling growth conditions for the desired microbe

34
Q

What are some examples of chemical characteristics that can be used to identify microbes?

A

Autotrophic (only need CO2) vs heterotrophic (need organic carbon)
Chemical requirements for life processes
Resistance to antibiotics, etc.

35
Q

How does phylogenetic analysis work? Who proposed this, and when?

A

It works by comparing sequences of genes or proteins to identify genetic relationships between organisms
Proposed by Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling in 1965

36
Q

When and who classified archaea separately from bacteria due to differences in their rRNA genes?

A

1977 - Carl Woese and George E. Fox

37
Q

Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis later proposed to reclassify organisms from the 2 empire system to the _______ ______ system of life

A

3 domain

From Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes to Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

38
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Single celled prokaryotic microbes
Range of 0.5 to 5 um in length
Distinguished by cell wall, their shape, and genetic makeup
Can be mobile or immobile. (The presence of flagella and/or cilia help distinguish bacteria)

39
Q

Rank the 3 domains of life from most diverse to least diverse

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

40
Q

Describe Archaea

A
  • Single celled prokaryotes (0.1 to 15 um in diameter)
  • Generally similar in size and shape to bacteria (but also includes shapes like squares)
  • First discovered in extreme environments (extremophiles) - Salt lakes, pH 0 hot springs, 122C ocean thermal vents
  • Can also live in more mild conditions (mesophiles)
  • More related to Eukarya than bacteria (but endosymbiotic theory suggests otherwise)
  • Most abundant ammonia-oxidizing organisms in soils and accounts for 20% of the microbes present in picoplankton
  • Remove 10-25% of global methane emissions
  • Nanoarchaea are the smallest known living cell (1/100 size of E. Coli) with the smallest genome (112 kilobases)
41
Q

Describe Kingdom Fungi

A
  • Christiaan Hendrik Persoon considered the founder of modern mycology
  • Includes yeast, mold and mushrooms
  • Are heterotrophs
  • Have chitin in their cell walls
  • Grows hyphae underground. (2-10 um diameter, several cm length)
  • The mushroom is the reproductive structure containing spores in its gills (which germinate to make more hyphae
  • Oregon fungal colony is 2400 years old and span 2200 acres
42
Q

Describe protists

A
  • Mostly unicellular, but some are multicellular
  • 3 general categories: animal like heterotrophs (amoeba), plant like autotrophs (green algae), fungus like autotrophs (slime mold)
43
Q

Describe Algae

A
  • Variety of shapes (spherical, rod, club, spindle)
  • Some motile
  • Contains chlorophyll
  • Can be unicellular and microscopic or multicellular and up to 120 m
  • Some organized as filaments of cells attached end to end
  • Occur in colonies
44
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • Small infection agent that can only reproduce itself inside the cells of a living host. (animals, plants, microbes)
  • First one studied was tobacco mosaic virus
  • 1887, Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered that the disease was caused by extremely small infection agents, capable of passing through filters
  • 1898, Martinus Beijerinck replicated above results and called it a virus
  • In the same year, Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch identified the first animal virus
  • Early 20th century, Frederick Twort discovered bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria
  • Origin unclear because no fossil records. Evidence based on molecular analyses of the viral genomes and also viral genetic material that integrates into the reproductive cells of its host
  • Could pre-date divergence of life into 3 domains

BISC 371 (27 decks)

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