Microbiology Benefits Flashcards
Why should we not boil milk to sterilize it?
It can denature the proteins, making it looks different
How are each of the products made via fermentation?
Milk
Beer
Bread
Milk - Ferment lactose
Beer - Ferment sugars (pure/grain/barley/potato/rice)
Bread - Ferment sugars using yeast
Muscles convert glucose into what?
lactic acid
Animals take advantage of yeast producing alcohol for a long ____
time
Good bacteria are called
Bifido. anaerobic, break down lactose. balance gut
brain, gut , and rest of body all intertwined
this means gut bacteria can help with UTIs, bladder cancer, and eczema in addition to diarrhea and IBS
What is a leaky gut?
when eating, some product leak between microvilli and trigger immune response, which leads to the immune cells atatck the beta cells (reduce insulin prodcution)
How do cows eat?
mouth -> rumen -> omasum -> mouth -> abosmasum
the web increase surface area of roots by 700 folds to increase water and nitrate _________
absorption
What kind of important roles do microbes fill?
Nitrogen Fixation
Oxygen Production
Nutrient Recycling (Decomposers)
When and who theorised yeast was necessary to convert grape sugars into alcohols? How do they come to this conclusion?
1837, Theodor Schwann
- Microscopic observations showed yeast multiplied during fermentation
- No fermentation occurred when he killed the yeast by boiling the grape juice
What is pasteaurization?
Heating milk and other liquids to 60-100C in order to kill most bacteria and molds in them
Eduard Buchner demonstrated what?
How cell-free liquid extracts from ground up yeast could ferment sugar, forming CO2 and alcohol
He hypothesized that yeast cells secreted proteins into their environment which fermented sugars. We now know that the yeast have enzymes inside the cells that cause fermentation
What is food fermentation?
The conversion of carbohydrates into:
- Alcohol (ethanol) or organic acids
- CO2
Using microbes like yeast (unicellular fungi) or bacteria
What do grains, grapes, and potatoes make respectively when fermented with yeast?
beer, wine, and vodka
What are some examples of food that uses bacteria for production and preservation?
Sauerkraut Yogurt Cheese Pickles Chocolate
What causes bread to rise?
The fermentation products of yeast
How does fermentation play into chocolate?
Fermentation creates the aromas, flavour, and colour.
There are 2 stages:
Alcohol fermentation - yeast converts the sugars in the coca pulp into alcohol
Acetic fermentation - Bacteria oxidizes the alcohol into acetic acid and other aromas
Which bacterias facilitate chocolate fermentation
Lactobacillus fermentum
Acetobacter pasteurianus
yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbes can be fermenters and ________
decomposers
What is human gut flora? What do they do?
The microbes living in our digestive tracks
They benefit us by fermenting dietary fiber and producing vitamins B and K
They balance our immune system so that it has tolerance to different foods
What factors improve the diversity of gut flora?
- Established early in life (passed to child during vaginal birth)
- Dependant on factors such as diet and age
What diseases can good gut bacteria prevent?
Diarrhea IBS Ulcers Crohn's disease UTI Cancer
What causes leaky gut? What can it lead to?
Caused by unbalanced bacterial gut flora with too many pathogens
Inflammation can lead to increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and depression
Leaner people have a more _______ gut biome
diverse
Gut biomes create and consume most of the body’s _________________. As an example, it makes makes up over ____ of the serotonin produced in your body
neurotransmitters
90%
What are ruminant mammals?
Things like cattle, bovines, goats, and sheeps.
They have a special stomach called the rumen that ferments plant material (cellulose) to form cud. Cud is usually regurgitated and chewed again
What is bioremediation?
Using microbes and plants to metabolize or remove harmful substances from the environment.
How does micorbial bioremediation work?
Increase the numbers of naturally occurring microbes or add pollutant-specific microbes to the area.
It uses aerobic and anaerobic properties of microbes to respire and ferment compounds, transforming toxins into safer compounds
What is Phytoremediation?
use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants
What is Mycoremediation?
fungi-based technology is used to decontaminate the environment.
What is Bioventing?
an on site remediation technology that uses microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the groundwater system
What is Bioleaching?
the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms
What is Biological augmentation?
the addition of archaea or bacterial cultures required to speed up the rate of degradation of a contaminant
What is Biostimulation?
the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation
What are some examples of bioremediation?
- Oil spill removal by bacteria that break down oil into more water solvable compounds
- Degradation of plastics in the ocean
- Detoxification of groundwater
- Extraction of metals
- Similar to treating waste water
- Biofuel production
Sewage and waste products can be decomposed by microbial fermentation into what?
Bio-gas and carbonized fuel
How would we make renewable energy from wood?
Wood contains lignin, which if broken down could create bio fuel from it
What is the process of composting?
Soil microbes like bacteria and fungi decompose large organic molecules from dead organisms. This recycles nutrients back into the soil, making them available for update by plants
What is mycorhizal? How is it part of a symbiotic relationship with plants?
It’s a fungi that colonizes plant roots
The fungi gets stuff from photosynthesis
The plant gets more water and nutrients. They are more resistant to disease, drought, etc
What do nitrogen fixing bacteria do?
They convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrogenous compounds in the soil that other organisms can utilize
Describe the symbiotic relationship between plants and n-fixing bacteria
Some bacteria form root nodule and live inside them
The bacteria gets photosynthesis products
The plant gets more N compounds it can use
