Evolution 3

Question 1

What’s the most distantly related and closest related species of humans?

Answer 1

Lemurs and chimpanzees

Question 2

Lucy’s discovery in 1974 was important because…

Answer 2

at that point, it was the oldest human species we’ve found

Question 3

Out of the 2 competing hypotheses of how humans evolved, which is now the more supported hypothesis? Why?

Answer 3

Multi-regional hypothesis. This is due to recent discoveries and DNA sequencing. They found several fossils in and outside of Africa.

Question 4

Modern human women rejected the sperm of neanderthals because…

What did this allow?

Answer 4

the y chromosome coded for some antigen that was destroyed by the modern human immune system

It meant the neanderthals Y chromosome was complete replaced with the human Y chromosome

Question 5

What is prosociality?

Answer 5

Behaviour that is beneficial to other people

Question 6

Humans are __________, which may have evolved around 65 million years ago from insect eating mammals

Answer 6

primates

Question 7

What are some characteristics of primates?

Answer 7

• Limber shoulder joints
• Eyes in front of the face
• Excellent hand-eye coordination
• Extensive parental care

Question 8

Modern human only appeared around __ thousand to __ thousand years ago

Answer 8

50, 100

Question 9

Chimpanzees and humans represent two divergent branches of the ________ tree that each evolved from a common, less specialised ancestor.

Answer 9

anthropoid

Question 10

Human evolution is more like a multi-branched ____ than a ladder. At times in history, several different _______ species coexisted

Answer 10

bush, hominin

Question 11

What is a hominin?

Answer 11

Member of the human family

Question 12

What are 2 competing hypotheses about how humans evolved?

Answer 12

Out of Africa: First modern man first evolved in Africa about 200 000 years ago, and that all humans are from a single migration out of Africa 50-70k years ago, moving from Africa to Eurasia, then globally

Multiregional Hypothesis: Humans had independent multiple origins or share multiregional evolution with continuous gene flow between continental populations.

Question 13

Recent fossil discoveries implies that the entire history of Homo Sapiens evolution must be pushed back by at least ________ to ________ years. In addition, it implies that modern humans evolved ___________ and intermingled with other hominin groups like Neanderthals

Answer 13

100 000, 200 000, alongside

Question 14

Recent evidence suggests that humans have ________ to different places multiple times. The earlier waves died out or retreated

Answer 14

migrated

Question 15

______ are closely related to neanderthals and lived in close proximity. They lived across Asia.

Answer 15

Denisovans

Question 16

Neanderthals lived in _______ and had sophisticated technology at the time. They likely died from _____ _______ or extermination from early humans

Answer 16

Eurasia, climate change

Question 17

There is evidence that supports ____________ between archaic and modern humans. These included the neanderthals and denisovans, plus some other unidentified ones.

Answer 17

interbreeding

Question 18

Neanderthal and denisovan ____ can be found in modern humans

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

All modern humans are mostly derived from a populations that emerged out of Africa less than _________ years ago

Answer 19

100 000

Question 20

The human population in Africa branched off before the northeast African branch emigrated to

Answer 20

Eurasia

Question 21

Modern humans expanded out of Africa perhaps ________ years ago and interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans, leaving traces in each other’s DNA.

These modern humans disappeared migrated back to Africa, but neanderthals who lived after the disappearance inherited some modern human DNA

Answer 21

200 000

Question 22

How are ecological and and economic systems alike?

Answer 22

Individuals compete for limited resources, evolve their behaviours based on interactions with others, and form exploitative or cooperative interactions as a result

Question 23

_________ combine both social and economic contexts to create patterns from interactions between individuals.

Answer 23

Ecosystems

Question 24

What are complex adaptive systems?

Answer 24

Evolving systems with multiple scales. This means individuals interact with each other locally, but have results that impact the whole system, which then feedback into the behaviours of individuals.

Question 25

______ within complex adaptive systems can be unpredictable due to random events, which makes managing them for collective benefits a challenge

Answer 25

patterns

Question 26

What is an example of a conflict between interest of individuals vs interest of society?

Answer 26

Fisherman’s over fishing for own benefit while society wants to preserve them so that can survive and be exploited sustainably

Another example is anti-mask wearers making things troublesome for the health of the society as a whole

Question 27

___________ models can help us come up with solutions to mitigate these conflicts within complex adaptive systems and to preserve the common resource pool

Answer 27

Evolutionary

Question 28

What are local and global solution in context of complex adaptive systems?

Answer 28

Local Solution: Mutually agreed upon terms. Examples include insurance arrangements and contracts.

Global Solution: Local solutions do not scale up here. Need to be more robust

Question 29

What is hybridization?

Answer 29

Don’t need to select for genes. Introduce foreign genetic material into plants using non genetic techniques