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BISC 371 > Microbiology Discovery > Flashcards

Microbiology Discovery Flashcards

1
Q

Leeuwenhoek’s microscope was ____ times stronger than Hooke’s

A

250

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2
Q

The rise of microscopes conflicted with the theories and how life _______

A

emerged

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3
Q

Miasma comes from the Greek word _______

A

pollution

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4
Q

We evolved to dislike the smell of bad _______ to stay safe

A

bacteria

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5
Q

Cholera is like the opposite of _______ _______ for the chloride channel. What happens in the body?

A

Cystic fibrosis
When a cell ingests cholera toxin, the CFTR chloride channel proteins becomes phosphorylated and open, allowing water, Na, and K into the intestinal lumen. This results in rapid fluid loss.

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6
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of minute life forms

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7
Q

What is a micro-organims/microbe?

A

Any living thing that can only been see though a microscope

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8
Q

What are the 7 types of micro-organisms?

A 
bacteria
Archaea
protozoa
algae
fungi
viruses (even though they're not alive)
multicellular animal parasites
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9
Q

When was the existence if microbes demonstrated and by who?

A

1665 - Robert Hooke discovered microscopic fungi with his compound microscope
1676 - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed a single lens microscope that could see bacteria and other microbes

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10
Q

Ferdinand Cohn classified bacteria into what four groups?

A

Spherical
short rods
straight filaments
spiral filaments

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11
Q

What is spontaneous generation? Up until which century was this the prevailing belief?

A

The idea the living creatures could arise from non-living matter without descent from similar organisms
19th century

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12
Q

What are some examples of spontaneous generation?

A

Fleas could arise from dust

Maggots could arise from dead flesh

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13
Q

Who was the earliest scholars to propose that life can arise from non-living material if it contained pneuma (vital heat)

A

Aristotle

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14
Q

Why did Thucydides think diseases could spread from an infected person to another?

A

He witnessed the plague of Athens. One theory is that the disease was spread by spore like “seeds”/semina

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15
Q

Which roman statesman advised to be careful in the swamps because of minute creatures that can cause serious diseases if they entered the mouth and nose

A

Marcus Terentius Varro

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16
Q

What is Miasma Theory? When was it popular?

A

Diseases were caused by a miasma (a noxious form of bad air) emanating from rotting organic matter

Popular in ancient times in Europe and China

17
Q

In Miasma Theory, infections are not passed between __________, but rather would affect those within the poisonous vapor

A

individuals

18
Q

Some people tried to extend miasma theory for other conditions. What is an example?

A

Inhaling food odor could make one obese

19
Q

When and what was Miasma Theory replaced with?

A

Replaced in 1880 with germ theory

20
Q

What is germ thoery?

A
  • It states microbes known as pathogens or germs can lead to disease.
  • They invade living hosts and cause disease due to their growth and reproductions
  • Germ refers to not just bacterium, but any microbe such as protists, fungi, viruses, prions, or viroids
  • Diseases caused by pathogens are called infectious diseases
21
Q

In 1665, How did Francesco Redi demonstrate that maggots do not spontaneously generate on meat?

A

He left meat in an:
- Open container (maggot on meat)
- Sealed container (no maggots)
- Container covered with gauze (maggot on gauze)
He concluded maggots are the offspring of flies

22
Q

What was John Snow’s contribution to work on Cholera?

A

1849 - Suggested fecal-oral route was mode of communication for cholera. Recommended that water be filtered and boiled before it is used

1854 - Found link between cholera and sewage contaminated water. He used dot map of London and statistics to find the link of the water source.

From the on, developed countries invested in clean water supplies

23
Q

Who is the Father of Epidemiology?

A

John Snow

24
Q

When and who isolated the cholera bacterium Vibro Cholerae. Did anything come of this?

A

1854 - Philippo Paccini

Nothing came of this, as he did not know it caused cholera

25
Q

What is the scientific method?

A
  1. Form hypothesis
  2. Define independent variables and make a control and experimental group
  3. Determine what you will analyze for the dependent variables
  4. Predict your results and then perform the experiment. Is your hypothesis correct?
26
Q

What year did Louis Pasteur definitively refute the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

1858

27
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s first experiment. Why was it refuted?

A

Boiled and hermetically sealed broth

People argued that the vegetative force required for life was destroyed and could not be let in.

28
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s second experiment?

A

He created swan neck flasks that could let air in, but no airborne microbes

29
Q

What was the independent variable in Pasteur’s second experiment?

A

Whether the flaks neck was intact or broken off:
Control: Intact
Treated: Broke

30
Q

What was the result of Pasteur’s second experiment? Which theory did this support?

A

Intact had no microbes
Broke had microbes within a day
Biogenesis

31
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

The belief that living things come only from other living things by means of reproduction (living things needs parents)

32
Q

If biogenesis is true, how did the first organisms arise?

A

Abiogenesis (covered in the first card set)

33
Q

Who is Robert Koch?

A

Discovered anthrax bacillus (put infected blood in clean blood -> caused disease)
Discovered bacteria spores and suggested burning or burying dead animals in cold soil.
1876 - Launched the field of medical biology
Known also for tuberculosis, cholera, and other diseases

34
Q

What are the four postulates Koch established to determine the cause of most infectious diseases?

A
  1.   The organism must always be present in a diseased individual.
  2.   The organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture.
  3.   Samples of the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy laboratory animal (e.g., guinea pig).
  4.   The organism must be isolated from the inoculated animal and identified as the same organism first isolated from the original diseased host.

BISC 371 (27 decks)

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