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BISC 371 > Development Basics > Flashcards

Development Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the preformation theory so popular even though microscopes had been invented?

A

The microscopes were early and not very good. People had pre-conceived notions and saw things that weren’t really there with the microscopes

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2
Q

Why are pre-conceived notions bad in science?

A

Scientists get blind spots and may have certain biases

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3
Q

Frog eggs are quite predetermined because it’s not symmetric and has different distribution of ______, making cell fate already determined

A

chemicals

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4
Q

Why did 2 scientists working on supporting the mosaic and regulative development hypothesis get different results?

A

They were working on different organisms

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5
Q

Totipotent and pluripotent cells are now commonly referred to as what?

A

Stem cells

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6
Q

The fate map differs depending on the _________

A

organism

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7
Q

Although both mosaic and regulative mechanisms affect embryo development, it depends on the _______ at which stage they affect more of the development

A

organism

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8
Q

Fruit flies follow mosaic development, in which __________ __________ can influence the fate of the daughter cells

A

cytoplasmic determinants

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9
Q

One of the first organs to be created during organogenesis is the _____

A

heart

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10
Q

What is nature vs nurture?

A

The debate between how much genetics or out environment contributes to our appearance, health, and behaviour

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11
Q

What are the 2 competing theories of how organisms formed?

A

Preformation and Epigenesis

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12
Q

State the early Preformation theory

A

A miniature individual was preformed within the sperm or egg, and it simply got bigger during development

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13
Q

One preformation believer claimed that a miniature human, a ____________, was located at the head of the sperm

A

homonculus

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14
Q

What is the Epigenesis theory?

A

Individuals develop progressively through successive steps

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15
Q

Who was an early believer of Epigenesis?

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

What made Epigenesis unpopular?

A

Creationists and religion

17
Q

The advent of _____ _______ supported the epigenesis theory of embryology. We now know that embryos develop step-by-step from an _______________ egg cell

A

cell theory, undifferentiated

18
Q

What are 2 competing theories on how a cell’s fate is determined?

A

Mosiac and regulative development

19
Q

What is mosaic development?

A

The belief that a cell’s fate is inherited

20
Q

What is regulative development?

A

The belief that a cell’s fate is determined through communication between cells

21
Q

Cell fate is explained by which theory? (Mosaic or regulative)

A

It’s explained by parts of both

Mosaic: Cytoplasmic determinants can influence fate of daughter cells
Regulative: Cell-cell interactions are crucial in coordinating cell fate and overall embryogenesis

22
Q

In Mosaic development, what substance that is inherited determines cell fate? These determinants are distributed ________ during the cleavage stage of development, forming an embryo with different cell fates

A

Nuclear determinants

cleavage

23
Q

How did William Roux determine that the frog embryo was mosaic?

A

He killed on of the first 2 cells in a frog embryo and found that the remaining one formed half an embryo

24
Q

How did Hans Driesch determine that the fate of cells aren’t fixed at an early stage?

A

He separated the first two cells of sea urchin embryos. These cells developed into a normal embryo

25
Q

Driesch’s findings coined the terms totipotent and pluripotent. What do they mean?

A

Totipotent - Cell that can generate every cell

Pluripotent - Cell that can generate nearly every cell

26
Q

Regulative development is the ability of the embryo to restore development even if some portions are _______ or __________ early in development. This suggests cells must communicate with each other

A

removed, rearranged

27
Q

What are cytoplasmic determinants?

A

Proteins, RNA

28
Q

A key experiment showing that cells communicated with each other used _____

A

newts

29
Q

What is induction?

A

When one group of cells directs the development of a neighbouring cell or tissue

30
Q

What did the Spemann-Mangold experiment using newt gastrula consist of? What were the results?

A

Cells from a donor embryo (From the dorsal lip of the blastopore) were transplanted to the opposite side of an embryo from a different species.

The graft forced the formation of a new body axis and induced the formation of a second embryo

31
Q

What is the Spemann-Mangold organizer?

A

Cells from the dorsal lip of the blastopore that are capable of induction

32
Q

Why did the Spemann-Mangold experiment provide evidence that embryos can communicate via cell to regulate their development?

A

Cells from the donor could interact with cells from the recipient to determine cell fate

33
Q

Cells can reach a point of not return, where there fate is determined and can no longer be ________

A

altered

34
Q

Stem cells divide and their daughter cells __________ to acquire different cell fates

A

differentiate

35
Q

What is fate mapping used for? What is it mapped onto?

A

Used to study embryonic origin of adult tissues and structures. It’s mapped into the embryo

36
Q

Transplanting an undetermined cell can alter its fate, while transplanting a _______ cell will not alter its fate

A

determined

37
Q

Which facts shows that surrounding cells induce the cell fate of transplanted cells?

A

The fact that undetermined cells change their fate when transplanted into a new region

38
Q

What did the experiment using newt neurula and gastrula consist of? What were the results?

A

Transplanting an undetermined gastrula cell onto the neurula made it so the cell developed properly

Transplanting an determined neurula cell onto the neurula made it so the cell developed an eye somewhere it wasn’t supposed to

This demonstrates the role of cell-cell interactions and induction during embryogenesis. It also found that cells in the older neurula are determined and can not alter their fate

BISC 371 (27 decks)

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