Development Intro Flashcards
In many cases, organism eggs are _________
symmetric
When a human baby first develops, there is no ____ ___ because all cells duplicate into the same thing
fate map
What is an emergent property?
Properties that do not exist on individual units, but if those units interact, they give new functionality. Ex brain cell
Cells have the ability to become any type of cell, but which type of cell the become depends on the _______ they recieve
signal
The environment the embryo is growing in can affect what they grow into. For example in humans, temperature can determine ______
gender
For a human embryo, before it becomes a ________, you can split the cells and you’ll get a number of babies equal to how many groups of cells you made
blastocyst
What causes the asymmetry that can lead to different cell fates?
- Tissue polarity
- Sometimes asymmetry is not created within the cell itself but in the blastula stage. Meaning from a reaction diffusion interaction that creates higher chemical concentration on one side from the other
________ are very sensitive to environmental factors in relation to development
Amphibians
We have genes with similar functions to those genes found on __________
fruitflys
microscopic staining, grafting, molecular manipulation are used for what?
introduce signals that you know interfere with the development process
What are 5 things developmental biologists study?
- How a single cell becomes a multicellular organism
- Emergent properties that do not exist in single cells
- Signalling process in pattern formation
- Environmental and genetic impact on development
- Factors for developmental disorders
What is a fate map?
A model trying to tell which cells in the early embryo form into what parts of the adult
What is pattern formation?
A process where cells have different fates in space and time depending on their internal state and position within the embryo
What can pattern formation help ensure?
That tissues and organs develop in the right place and orientation
To function properly, multicellular organisms must have precise _______ organisation and _________ of different tissues and organs
spatial, coordination
Pattern formation and _____________ affect the overall appearance and internal structure of an organism
morphogenesis
What are some examples of different appearances in animals due to pattern formation?
Cat splotches
Fish shapes
Giraffe patches
Emergent properties arise when individual parts ________ together and display more complex behaviours together
interact
How do ant colonies display emergent properties?
They have no centralised decision making process, yet the colony acts as a complete system based on the individual interaction of the ants.
The rules that in individual ant follows creates a complex colony with emergent properties
Although individual neurons are incapable of thought, ________ between neurons allow the brain to think
interactions
Explain how emergent properties form in each of the level of organisation for a heart:
- Heart cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
Cell: Cell cannot pump blood, but they form tissue
Tissue: Can contract in unison
Organ: Can contract to pump blood
System: Can distribute blood throughout the body
Organism organisation and patterning requires cell ___________
communication
What kinds of signals can cells produce and detect?
Electric Currents
Chemicals
Mechanical force
What are ligands used for?
Communication between cells
