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BISC 371 > Development Intro > Flashcards

Development Intro Flashcards

1
Q

In many cases, organism eggs are _________

A

symmetric

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2
Q

When a human baby first develops, there is no ____ ___ because all cells duplicate into the same thing

A

fate map

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3
Q

What is an emergent property?

A

Properties that do not exist on individual units, but if those units interact, they give new functionality. Ex brain cell

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4
Q

Cells have the ability to become any type of cell, but which type of cell the become depends on the _______ they recieve

A

signal

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5
Q

The environment the embryo is growing in can affect what they grow into. For example in humans, temperature can determine ______

A

gender

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6
Q

For a human embryo, before it becomes a ________, you can split the cells and you’ll get a number of babies equal to how many groups of cells you made

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

What causes the asymmetry that can lead to different cell fates?

A
  • Tissue polarity
  • Sometimes asymmetry is not created within the cell itself but in the blastula stage. Meaning from a reaction diffusion interaction that creates higher chemical concentration on one side from the other
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8
Q

________ are very sensitive to environmental factors in relation to development

A

Amphibians

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9
Q

We have genes with similar functions to those genes found on __________

A

fruitflys

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10
Q

microscopic staining, grafting, molecular manipulation are used for what?

A

introduce signals that you know interfere with the development process

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11
Q

What are 5 things developmental biologists study?

A
  • How a single cell becomes a multicellular organism
  • Emergent properties that do not exist in single cells
  • Signalling process in pattern formation
  • Environmental and genetic impact on development
  • Factors for developmental disorders
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12
Q

What is a fate map?

A

A model trying to tell which cells in the early embryo form into what parts of the adult

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13
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

A process where cells have different fates in space and time depending on their internal state and position within the embryo

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14
Q

What can pattern formation help ensure?

A

That tissues and organs develop in the right place and orientation

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15
Q

To function properly, multicellular organisms must have precise _______ organisation and _________ of different tissues and organs

A

spatial, coordination

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16
Q

Pattern formation and _____________ affect the overall appearance and internal structure of an organism

A

morphogenesis

17
Q

What are some examples of different appearances in animals due to pattern formation?

A

Cat splotches
Fish shapes
Giraffe patches

18
Q

Emergent properties arise when individual parts ________ together and display more complex behaviours together

A

interact

19
Q

How do ant colonies display emergent properties?

A

They have no centralised decision making process, yet the colony acts as a complete system based on the individual interaction of the ants.

The rules that in individual ant follows creates a complex colony with emergent properties

20
Q

Although individual neurons are incapable of thought, ________ between neurons allow the brain to think

A

interactions

21
Q

Explain how emergent properties form in each of the level of organisation for a heart:

  • Heart cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • System
A

Cell: Cell cannot pump blood, but they form tissue
Tissue: Can contract in unison
Organ: Can contract to pump blood
System: Can distribute blood throughout the body

22
Q

Organism organisation and patterning requires cell ___________

A

communication

23
Q

What kinds of signals can cells produce and detect?

A

Electric Currents
Chemicals
Mechanical force

24
Q

What are ligands used for?

A

Communication between cells

25
Q

What is cell-cell communication essential for?

A

Pattern formation and emergence

26
Q

How do we do research in developmental biology?

A
  • Identify genes and the developmental process

- Manipulate those genes to study the changes

27
Q

What kinds of question does developmental biology ask?

A

How does an embryo form limbs?
How does the kidney develop?
How do leaves get their different shapes?

28
Q

What have we found out about embryo formation?

A
  • Developmental defects can be caused by many genetic and environmental factors
  • Scientists improve health by comparing normal and abnormal processes
29
Q

What have scientists researched in regards to cell division and cell fate?

A
  • The rate and extent of cell division

- How daughter cell fate is determined

30
Q

Why is cancer considered a deviation from normal development?

A

Cells should no longer divide and multiply after organogenesis, but this is not the case for cancer cells

31
Q

How can farmers benefit from developmental biology?

A

Plant development can be manipulated to improve growth, yield, and resistance to climate change and pests

32
Q

What is an example of an environmental influence in development? Why is it important we know these things?

A

Temperature dependent sex in some organisms.

It’s important for conservation biology, especially with climate change

33
Q

What are some qualities a good model organism should have?

A
  • Easily accessible eggs
  • Fast life cycle
  • Small
  • Able to be genetically manipulated
34
Q

_____________ _________ of anatomy and sub cellular structures show the cellular features in organisms.

A

microscopic observations

Scientists looked at frog and mouse embryos for this

35
Q

What techniques can be used during embryo development to determine functions of different regions during embryogenesis?

A

Grafting
Transplantation
Other physical manipulations
Scientists looked at frog embryos for this

36
Q

How can researchers determine where and when genes are active and how they affect the developmental processes?

A

Molecular manipulations

Scientists looked at fruit flies for this

BISC 371 (27 decks)

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