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APT- Level 3 > Microbiology and infection control > Flashcards

Microbiology and infection control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main ways bacteria are classified?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Staining
  3. Encapsulation
  4. Oxygen requirements
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2
Q

What are the 3 main shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Cylindric (bacilli)
  2. Spherical (cocci)
  3. Spiral (spirochetes)

(A few coccal, many bacillary, and most spirochetal species are motile.)

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3
Q

What colour are gram positive and gram negative bacteria after they have been stained?

A
  1. Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet dye (DARK BLUE) after iodine fixation, alcohol decolorization, and counterstaining with safranin
  2. Gram-negative bacteria, which do not retain crystal violet, appear red.
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4
Q

what is the shape of a bacillus?

A

(Rod-shaped)

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5
Q

What shape is a Spirilla or spirochete?

A

(Spiral)

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6
Q

What shape is a coccus

A

(Sphere)

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7
Q

What shape is a Vibrio?

A

(Comma-shaped)

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8
Q

Are bacteria Prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

​

A

Prokaryotic

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9
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells?

A

Any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.

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10
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

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11
Q

What bacteria structure protects the bacteria and gives it shape?

A

Cell Wall: The cell wall is an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.

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12
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

A

No because they are prokaryotic

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13
Q

what are bacteria cell walls composed of?

A

peptidoglycan.

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14
Q

Which bacteria structure helps bacteria move?

A

Flagellum - long, whip-like protrusions that aid in cellular locomotion.

Flagella: Plural

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15
Q

How do antibiotics work against bacteria?

A

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections.

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16
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Bacteria are termed drug-resistant when they are no longer inhibited by an antibiotic to which they were previously sensitive. The emergence and spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria has continued to grow due to both the over-use and misuse of antibiotics.

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17
Q

How is antibiotic resistance spread?

A

Antibiotic resistance can either be inherent or acquired. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to some antibiotics due to their physiological characteristics. This is inherent resistance. Acquired resistance occurs when a bacterium that was originally sensitive to an antibiotic develops resistance

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18
Q

are viruses considered a form a life?

A

No-viruses today are thought of as being in a grey area between living and nonliving

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19
Q

What is the approximate size of a bacteria?

A

between 0.2 and 2.0 micrometer (avg 1000nm)

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20
Q

What is the approximate size of a virus (in nm)

A

20-400nm

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21
Q

What does a virus need to reproduce?

A

A virus needs a living host cell in order to reproduce

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22
Q

What do all viruses have in common?

A

All viruses have capsids.

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23
Q

Name two types of genetic material than can be found in viruses.

A

DNA or RNA

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24
Q

What is the function of the Capsid?

​

A

The capsid has three functions:

It protects the virus.
It contains special sites on its surface that allow the virus to attach to a host cell.
It provides proteins that enable the virus to penetrate the host cell membrane.

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25
Q

What are the two life cycles of a virus has called?

A

The Lytic Cycle

The Lysogenic Cycle

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26
Q

Which of the two cycles does the virus DNA (or RNA) become incorporated into the host cell DNA?

A

The Lysogenic Cycle

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27
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

The viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages

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28
Q

Why are viruses not classed as “living”, give TWO reasons for this.

A

They are not made of cells,
they do not use and obtain energy,
they do not respond to the environment.
they need a living host

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29
Q

Name 3 differences between an cell and a virus.

A

viruses do not have nucleus where as cells will
viruses reproduce only with a host cell, cells reproduce asexually or sexually
Cells grow and develop, viruses do not

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30
Q

Some bacteria can live either with or without oxygen and are known as what?

A

Anaerobic bacteria: This type of bacteria would only become active in the absence of free oxygen. They live in deep soil or muddy water.

​

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31
Q

Some bacteria cannot survive / grow when oxygen is not present and are known as?

​

A

Aerobic bacteria: This type of bacteria require plenty of free oxygen for growth.

32
Q

what is facultative anaerobic bacteria

A

This type of bacteria would be active no matter if there is free oxygen or not.

33
Q

what is Microaerophilic bacteria

A

This type of bacteria would be the most active in the presence of a little free oxygen.

34
Q

What micro-organism causes “TB” in humans?

A

The germ is called Mycobacterium, which differentiates itself from normal bacteria with a special outer membrane made of mycolic acid

35
Q

What shape are TB?

A

small bacillus

36
Q

what immunisation (hint: 3 letters) is available to help protect you from TB?

A

BCG Vaccine

37
Q

How many stains are used in a gram stain?

A

2: water-soluble dye called crystal violet & counterstaining, usually with safranin

38
Q

What colour are gram positive bacteria following the gram stain?

A

Blue/purple

39
Q

Which component of a bacteria takes up the stains

A

Cell wall. Gram-positive (Thick)/Gram-negative (Thin)

40
Q

Which group of bacteria take up the primary stain?

A

Gram-positive

41
Q

What are the three main classes of protozoans that are of major medical importance? - the first letter of each has been included below:

A

Amoebae
Flagellates
Sporozoans

42
Q

Name the 5 main species of protozoa and the disease they cause from each of the above classes? -

A

Entamoeba histolytica- Causes amoebic dysentery
Giardia lamblia- Causes Giardiasis
Trypanosoma- Causes African sleeping sickness.
Plasmodium- Causes Malaria
Toxoplasma gondii- Toxoplasmosis

43
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica acquired?

A

The ingestion of cysts in fecally contaminated food or water.

44
Q

The world’s most common cause of water-borne diarrhoea is caused by which type of Protozoa?

​

A

Giardia

45
Q

What is the vector for Plasmodium and what disease does this protozoa cause?

A

Mosquitoes and they cause malaria

46
Q

Name three ways that protozoan infections can spread in humans

A
  • contaminated water
  • cats
  • insect bites
47
Q

How many phases are in a bacterial growth pattern- What are these? (i.e. The Growth Curve)

​

A

4;

  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death or decline phase
48
Q

Explain the lag phase (growth curve)

A
  1. No increase in number of living bacterial cells
49
Q

Explain the Log phase (Growth Curve)

A

Exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells

50
Q

Explain the stationary phase (Growth curve)

A

Plateau in number of living bacterial cells; rate of cell division and death roughly equal

51
Q

Explain death or decline phase (Growth Curve)

A

exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells

52
Q

Which reproductive cycle results in diploid cells?

A

Lysogenic

sexual (conjugation between 2 individuals).

53
Q

When would the yeast produce diploid cells?

A

When a cell of one mating type encounters one of the other mating type, they initiate a series of events that leads to conjugation. The result is a diploid cell

54
Q

Which has more chromosomes; Haploid or Diploid cells?

A

Haploid (1) cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid (2)

55
Q

What is a spore?

A

a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersion and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions.

55
Q

What is a spore?

A

a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersion and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions.

56
Q

What Ph is best for bacteria

A

6-8 Ph as most bacteria are nuetrophiles

57
Q

What is cell lysis

A

Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity

58
Q

What is a toxin

A

a poison of plant or animal origin, especially one produced by or derived from microorganisms and acting as an antigen in the body.

59
Q

What is the structure of bacteriophage, from Top to bottom

A 
Capsid head
Nucleic acid(DNA)
Collar
Sheath 
Baseplate 
Spikes 
Tail fiber
60
Q

What are the 5 stages of the lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Biosynthesis
  4. Maturation
  5. Lysis
61
Q

Explain binary fisson in bacteria

A
  1. DNA locates mid-cell
  2. DNA Replicates
  3. DNA separates
  4. Cell wall folds
  5. Cells divide
62
Q

Explain the malaria life cycle

A
  1. First the infective parasite injects sporozites
  2. these go to the liver then reform as merozites which destroy lots of red blood cells
  3. these go to gametocytes and eventually back to a mosquito to start the process again
63
Q

what is direct transmission

A

when a pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected individual to you

64
Q

what is indirect transmission

A

When an inanimate object serves as a temporally resovoir for an infectious agent

65
Q

What is vertical transmission

A

Transmission from mother to child

66
Q

What is a plasma membrane

A

A selective barrier which encloses a cell

67
Q

What is Cytosol

A

Located in the plasma membrane jelly like fluid that supports organelles

68
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

the cytosol and all organelles other than the nucleas

69
Q

What is a Ribosome

A

The organelles where proteins are made

70
Q

What is DNA in a cell

A

Genetic material

71
Q

From outside to in label a bacteria

A
  1. Capsule + flagellum- pilli can also be on the outside
  2. Cell wall
  3. plasma membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Plasmid
  7. DNA
72
Q

5 steps of gram staining

A
  1. fixation
  2. Crystal violet
  3. iodine treatment
  4. Decolorization
  5. Counter stain with safranin
73
Q

What is the spore life cycle

A
  1. Conidia (Spores)
  2. Germination
  3. Hyphae and subsurface hyphae
  4. Aerial hypha
  5. conidiophore
74
Q

Name all the parts of a yeast cell

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. cell membrane
  3. cytoplasm
  4. mitochondria
  5. Nucleus
75
Q

name all parts of an envelope virus

A
  1. Antigen on outside (little spikes)
  2. Envelope
  3. Capsid
  4. Dna/Rna

APT- Level 3 (10 decks)

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