Anatomy and physiology- Urogenital system

Question 1

What effect does testosterone have on the male body when reaching puberty?

Answer 1

At puberty, the testes increase testosterone production. Testosterone causes reproductive organs to mature, muscle and bone to grow, facial and pubic hair to appear, and the voice to deepen.

Question 2

Briefly describe how sperm are produced

Answer 2

There is a system of tiny tubes in the testicles. These tubes, called the seminiferous tubules, house the germ cells that hormones — including testosterone, the male sex hormone — cause to turn into sperm. The germ cells divide and change until they resemble tadpoles with a head and short tail.

Question 3

Where does sperm production occur in the body?

Answer 3

Sperm production in the testes takes place in coiled structures called seminiferous tubules. Along the top of each testicle is the epididymis. This is a cordlike structure where the sperm mature and are stored.

Question 4

What are the two functions of the male urethra?

Answer 4

Overall the function of the male urethra is to allow passage of urine and semen

Question 5

Explain the pathway of sperm from the testes to ejaculation from the penis

Answer 5

The release process starts when the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. Continuing to stimulate the penis will cause an ejaculation.

Mature sperm begin their journey by travelling from the epididymis to the vas deferens, which propels sperm forward with smooth muscle contractions.

The sperm arrive first at the ampulla just above the prostate gland. Here, secretions from the seminal vesicle located next to the ampulla are added.

Next, the seminal fluid is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra. As it passes the prostate gland, a milky fluid is added to make semen.

Finally, the semen is ejaculated from the penis through the urethra.

Question 6

Describe physically how the penis becomes erect

Answer 6

During sexual arousal, nerve messages begin to stimulate the penis. Impulses from the brain and local nerves cause the muscles of the corpora cavernosa to relax, allowing blood to flow in and fill the open spaces. The blood creates pressure in the corpora cavernosa, making the penis expand and creating an erection.

Question 7

Label the 3 main components of a sperm

Answer 7

The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA of the cell. …
The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy. …
The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller, around and around.

Question 8

How many chromosomes does a male gamete (sperm) have?

Answer 8

The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes

Question 9

How many chromosomes does a female gamete (egg) cell have

Answer 9

23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell

Question 10

how many chromosomes does a red blood cell have

Answer 10

23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Question 11

how many chromosomes does a zygote have

Answer 11

A zygote has 46 chromosomes, and when the zygote undergoes mitosis to begin to form an embryo, each cell will have the normal number of 46 chromosomes. Cells that have two copies of each chromosome

Question 12

Briefly describe the prostate gland and its role in assisting sperm

Answer 12

The prostate gland is located just below the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra). The prostate’s primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

Question 13

Label the parts of the female reproductive system

Answer 13

Ovaries.
Fallopian tubes.
Uterus.
Cervix and vagina.
Clitoris.
Vulva.

Question 14

List five anatomical parts of the external female genitals and describe the function of each

Answer 14

The external genitalia lie outside the true pelvis. These include the perineum, mons pubis, clitoris, urethral (urinary) meatus, labia majora and minora, vestibule, greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands, Skene glands, and periurethral area.

Question 15

What happens during the “ovulatory” phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Ovulation is the time when an egg is released from the dominant follicle (winner of the race) within an ovary, into the fallopian tube where it can become fertilized by sperm. This is the only time during the menstrual cycle that a woman can become pregnant.

Question 16

Briefly describe the effects of oestrogen on the female body during puberty

Answer 16

Oestrogen levels rise during puberty. The increase leads to secondary sex characteristics like breasts and changes in overall body composition (like curves)

Question 17

What is the tough fibrous outer layer of the kidney

Answer 17

The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney.

Question 18

List 4 functions of the kidneys

Answer 18

Remove wastes and extra fluid. Your kidneys act like a filter to remove wastes and extra fluid from your body.

Control blood pressure. Your kidneys need pressure to work properly.

Make red blood cells.

Keep bones healthy.

Control pH Levels.

Question 19

What is the function of the “Calyx”

Answer 19

Calyces. The first part of the renal pelvis contains the calyces. These are small cup-shaped spaces that collect fluid before it moves into the bladder. This is also where extra fluid and waste become urine.

Question 20

Briefly describe how urine is formed?

Answer 20

Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.

Question 21

What are the 3 main components of a spermatozoa?

Answer 21

The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA of the cell.

The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy.

The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller, around and around

Question 22

What is the effect of the hormone ADH on the body – where is this hormone produced and stored

Answer 22

ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It’s a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood.

Question 23

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Answer 23

The prostate’s primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

Question 24

How many muscles control the bladder

Answer 24

Two muscles as urethral sphincters are used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra. The two muscles are the internal and EUS

Question 25

What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule (the tube portion of the nephron) called?

Answer 25

What are the Renal Tubules? Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule.

Question 26

What is difference between diploid and haploid?

Answer 26

The most obvious difference between Haploid and Diploid is the number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus. Haploid cells are those that have only a single set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.

Question 27

Which pair of chromosome determines gender?

Answer 27

Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determine your sex as male or female when you are born.

Question 28

The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of blood plasma - what 2 components comprise the renal corpuscle?

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Answer 28

Structure. The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule.

Question 29

How long is the average human menstrual cycle?

Answer 29

The length of the menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, but the average is to have periods every 28 days

Question 30

What is the lining of the uterus called?

Answer 30

The uterus has an inner lining called the endometrium.

Question 31

What is the tough fibrous coat of the kidney called?

Answer 31

The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney

Question 31

What is the tough fibrous coat of the kidney called?

Answer 31

The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney

Question 32

What is the main waste product eliminated in urine?

Answer 32

the kidney and urinary systems help the body to get rid of liquid waste called UREA

Question 33

What structures carry urine to the bladder, and which structure carries urine from the bladder?

Answer 33

The ureters carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.

Question 34

How do nutrients and oxygen pass from the mother to the fetus?

Answer 34

Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta. Waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus are sent back through the umbilical cord and placenta to the mother’s circulation to be eliminated.

Question 35

How is a zygote formed?

Answer 35

zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)