Anatomy and physiology- Urogenital system Flashcards
What effect does testosterone have on the male body when reaching puberty?
At puberty, the testes increase testosterone production. Testosterone causes reproductive organs to mature, muscle and bone to grow, facial and pubic hair to appear, and the voice to deepen.
Briefly describe how sperm are produced
There is a system of tiny tubes in the testicles. These tubes, called the seminiferous tubules, house the germ cells that hormones — including testosterone, the male sex hormone — cause to turn into sperm. The germ cells divide and change until they resemble tadpoles with a head and short tail.
Where does sperm production occur in the body?
Sperm production in the testes takes place in coiled structures called seminiferous tubules. Along the top of each testicle is the epididymis. This is a cordlike structure where the sperm mature and are stored.
What are the two functions of the male urethra?
Overall the function of the male urethra is to allow passage of urine and semen
Explain the pathway of sperm from the testes to ejaculation from the penis
The release process starts when the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. Continuing to stimulate the penis will cause an ejaculation.
Mature sperm begin their journey by travelling from the epididymis to the vas deferens, which propels sperm forward with smooth muscle contractions.
The sperm arrive first at the ampulla just above the prostate gland. Here, secretions from the seminal vesicle located next to the ampulla are added.
Next, the seminal fluid is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra. As it passes the prostate gland, a milky fluid is added to make semen.
Finally, the semen is ejaculated from the penis through the urethra.
Describe physically how the penis becomes erect
During sexual arousal, nerve messages begin to stimulate the penis. Impulses from the brain and local nerves cause the muscles of the corpora cavernosa to relax, allowing blood to flow in and fill the open spaces. The blood creates pressure in the corpora cavernosa, making the penis expand and creating an erection.
Label the 3 main components of a sperm
The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA of the cell. …
The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy. …
The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller, around and around.
How many chromosomes does a male gamete (sperm) have?
The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes
How many chromosomes does a female gamete (egg) cell have
23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell
how many chromosomes does a red blood cell have
23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
how many chromosomes does a zygote have
A zygote has 46 chromosomes, and when the zygote undergoes mitosis to begin to form an embryo, each cell will have the normal number of 46 chromosomes. Cells that have two copies of each chromosome
Briefly describe the prostate gland and its role in assisting sperm
The prostate gland is located just below the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra). The prostate’s primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).
Label the parts of the female reproductive system
Ovaries. Fallopian tubes. Uterus. Cervix and vagina. Clitoris. Vulva.
List five anatomical parts of the external female genitals and describe the function of each
The external genitalia lie outside the true pelvis. These include the perineum, mons pubis, clitoris, urethral (urinary) meatus, labia majora and minora, vestibule, greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands, Skene glands, and periurethral area.
What happens during the “ovulatory” phase of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation is the time when an egg is released from the dominant follicle (winner of the race) within an ovary, into the fallopian tube where it can become fertilized by sperm. This is the only time during the menstrual cycle that a woman can become pregnant.
Briefly describe the effects of oestrogen on the female body during puberty
Oestrogen levels rise during puberty. The increase leads to secondary sex characteristics like breasts and changes in overall body composition (like curves)
What is the tough fibrous outer layer of the kidney
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney.
List 4 functions of the kidneys
Remove wastes and extra fluid. Your kidneys act like a filter to remove wastes and extra fluid from your body.
Control blood pressure. Your kidneys need pressure to work properly.
Make red blood cells.
Keep bones healthy.
Control pH Levels.
What is the function of the “Calyx”
Calyces. The first part of the renal pelvis contains the calyces. These are small cup-shaped spaces that collect fluid before it moves into the bladder. This is also where extra fluid and waste become urine.
Briefly describe how urine is formed?
Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.
What are the 3 main components of a spermatozoa?
The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA of the cell.
The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy.
The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller, around and around
What is the effect of the hormone ADH on the body – where is this hormone produced and stored
ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It’s a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood.
What is the function of the prostate gland?
The prostate’s primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).
How many muscles control the bladder
Two muscles as urethral sphincters are used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra. The two muscles are the internal and EUS
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule (the tube portion of the nephron) called?
What are the Renal Tubules? Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule.
What is difference between diploid and haploid?
The most obvious difference between Haploid and Diploid is the number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus. Haploid cells are those that have only a single set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.
Which pair of chromosome determines gender?
Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determine your sex as male or female when you are born.
The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of blood plasma - what 2 components comprise the renal corpuscle?
Structure. The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule.
How long is the average human menstrual cycle?
The length of the menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, but the average is to have periods every 28 days
What is the lining of the uterus called?
The uterus has an inner lining called the endometrium.
What is the tough fibrous coat of the kidney called?
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney
What is the tough fibrous coat of the kidney called?
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney
What is the main waste product eliminated in urine?
the kidney and urinary systems help the body to get rid of liquid waste called UREA
What structures carry urine to the bladder, and which structure carries urine from the bladder?
The ureters carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.
How do nutrients and oxygen pass from the mother to the fetus?
Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta. Waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus are sent back through the umbilical cord and placenta to the mother’s circulation to be eliminated.
How is a zygote formed?
zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
