Anatomy and physiology- Endocrine system

Question 1

What are exocrine glands?

Answer 1

Exocrine glands are those glands that directly release their secretion into the target organ or tissue.

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Question 2

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 2

​Endocrine glands (this system) are those that release their secretions (e.g. hormones) into the bloodstream. The blood then carries the substances throughout the body until it reaches its target organ.

Question 3

Name the endocrine glands

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal

Pineal

Ovary/Testes

Pancreas

Question 4

what is the function of hormones?

Answer 4

Hormones are complex chemical substances that are secreted into the bloodstream and regulate body functions such as:

Metabolism

Growth

Sexual reproduction

Question 5

what is the hypothalamus?

Answer 5

The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It’s located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland. Many of these hormones interact with the nearby pituitary gland to produce additional hormones.

Question 6

what is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and what does it do?

Answer 6

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH production causes the pituitary gland to produce important reproductive hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 7

what is Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and what does it do/

Answer 7

TRH production stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH plays an important role in the regulation and production of hormones by the thyroid gland.

Question 8

what is Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and what does it do?

Answer 8

stimulates the synthesis and release of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary. GH has many functions including maintaining normal body structure and metabolism.

Question 9

The anterior pituitary gland produces the majority of the hormones, whereas the posterior pituitary gland produces only two

What are the anterior hormones?

Answer 9

Growth hormone: GH stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans (A)

Thyroid stimulation hormone: TSH regulates the production of hormones by the thyroid gland (A)

Prolactin: tells the body to make breast milk when a person is pregnant or breast-feeding (A)

LH and FSH: Stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow (A)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone: ACTH is needed for your adrenal glands to work properly and help your body react to stress (A)

Question 9

The anterior pituitary gland produces the majority of the hormones, whereas the posterior pituitary gland produces only two

What are the anterior hormones?

Answer 9

Growth hormone: GH stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans (A)

Thyroid stimulation hormone: TSH regulates the production of hormones by the thyroid gland (A)

Prolactin: tells the body to make breast milk when a person is pregnant or breast-feeding (A)

LH and FSH: Stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow (A)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone: ACTH is needed for your adrenal glands to work properly and help your body react to stress (A)

Question 10

The anterior pituitary gland produces the majority of the hormones, whereas the posterior pituitary gland produces only two

What are the posterior hormones?

Answer 10

Antidiuretic hormone: ADH (also called Vasopressin) tells your kidneys how much water to conserve (P)
Oxytocin: acts on the breast and uterus controlling key aspects of the reproductive system, including childbirth and lactation (P)

Question 11

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 11

An overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis, is where the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones. The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, just in front of the windpipe (trachea).

Question 12

what is hypothyroidism?

Answer 12

An underactive thyroid is where your thyroid gland (a small gland in your neck) does not produce enough hormones.

Question 13

what are the adrenal glands?

Answer 13

The two adrenal glands are small triangular shaped structures each of which are located on top (superior) of each kidney. Each gland consists of an inner medulla and an outer cortex:

The outer cortex secretes hormones which influence the body’s metabolic processes.

The inner medulla secrete hormones which affect the body’s response to stress.

Question 14

The Outer cortex produces three main types of hormones that are vital to life in that they control the body’s metabolic processes.
What are these?

Answer 14

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens:

Question 15

what are Mineralocorticoids

Answer 15

Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) produced in the zona glomerulosa help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Question 16

what are Glucocorticoids?

Answer 16

The Glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone are synthesized in the zona fasciculata; their functions include the regulation of energy and metabolism and immune system suppression.

Question 17

what are androgens?

Answer 17

The innermost layer of the cortex, the zona reticularis, produces Androgens that are converted to fully functional sex hormones in the gonads.

Question 18

what is the inner medulla?

Answer 18

The Inner medulla produces the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, which function to produce a rapid response throughout the body in stress situations.

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Question 19

what is the The pineal gland?

Answer 19

The pineal gland is a tiny gland located between the cerebral hemispheres, where it protrudes from the roof of the third ventricle. Though the function of the gland is still the subject of current research, it may influence sexual development.

Question 20

what are the Hormones of the pineal gland?

Answer 20

Melatonin and Serotonin

Question 21

what does melatonin do?

Answer 21

Melatonin regulates night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles- darkness causes the body to produce more melatonin, which signals the body to prepare for sleep. Light decreases melatonin production and signals the body to prepare for being awake.

Question 22

what does serotonin do?

Answer 22

Serotonin hormone has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness. Although its actual biological function is complex, they include modifying mental actions and thoughts, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes.

Question 23

what is the Hormone of the thymus gland?

Answer 23

Thymosin

Question 24

what are the Hormones of the ovaries?

Answer 24

Oestrogen and Progesterone

Question 25

what is the Hormone of the testes?

Answer 25

Testosterone

Question 26

where is the pancreas and what is its function?

Answer 26

The pancreas lies inferior to the stomach in a bend of the duodenum and is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. A large pancreatic duct runs through the gland, carrying enzymes and other exocrine secretions from the pancreatic acinar cells to the small intestine.

Question 27

what are the hormones of the pancreas?

Answer 27

Glucagon and Insulin

Question 28

what do Alpha cells secrete?

Answer 28

Alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon

Question 29

what do Beta cells produce?

Answer 29

Beta cells produce the hormone insulin