Anatomy and physiology- Lymphatic system

Question 1

what is the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Anetwork of delicate tubes throughout the body that consists of lymph vessels, ducts, nodes, and other tissues.

Question 2

What are the main roles of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

managing the fluid levels in the body

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reacting to bacteria

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dealing with cancer cells

dealing with cell waste that otherwise would result in disease

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absorbing some of the fats in our diet from the intestine

Question 3

What do the lymph nodes and other lymphatic structures like the spleen and thymus hold?

Answer 3

special white blood cells called lymphocytes. These can rapidly multiply and release antibodies in response to bacteria, viruses, and a range of other stimuli from dead or dying cells and abnormally behaving cells such as cancer cells.

Question 4

What is lymph formed from

Answer 4

plasma

Question 5

what are thesmaller lymphatic vessels called?

Answer 5

They take up the fluids from the tissue, and are called lymph capillaries.

Question 6

What do thelarger lymphatic vessels have?

Answer 6

Muscles in their walls which helps them gently and slowly pulsate. These larger lymphatic vessels also have valves that stop the lymph flowing back the wrong way.

Question 7

what is the thymus gland?

Answer 7

A gland that forms part of the immune system. It is situated in the upper part of the chest, behind the breastbone

Question 8

What does the thymus do?

Answer 8

The thymus produces and secretesthymosin, a hormone necessary for T cell development and production

Question 9

What does the thymus do?

Answer 9

The thymus produces and secretesthymosin, a hormone necessary for T cell development and production

Question 10

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 10

T cells - mature in theThymus

B cells - mature in theBone marrow

Question 11

T and B cells need to do what to fight infection?

Answer 11

Both T Cells and B Cells are types of lymphocytes found in the body and must work together to fight infection

Question 12

How do T and B cells work together?

Answer 12

T lymphocytes act to remove infected cells by killing them directly and are important in also killing cancer cells. B lymphocytes secrete chemicals called antibodies into the blood, and these help to remove or kill the invading pathogens. Once activated B cells are calledplasma cellsand are a short-livedantibody-producingcells releasing a large amount of antibody into the circulation.

Question 13

what are the the are 5 types of white blood cell?

Answer 13

1. Lymphocyte
2. Monocytes
3. Eosinophils
4. Basophils
5. Neutrophils

Question 14

what do Lymphocytes do?

Answer 14

They are responsible for directly killing many foreign invaders (e.g.viruses) and they also produce the antibodies that “remember” an infection and stand ready in case your body should be exposed again.

Question 15

what do Monocytes do?

Answer 15

they are thegarbage trucksof the immune system and their most important function is to migrate into tissues and clean up dead cells.

Question 16

what do Eosinophils do?

Answer 16

they play an important role in fighting off disease and are very important in responding to infections withparasites(such as worms)

Question 17

what do Basophils do?

Answer 17

they are important in mounting a non-specific immune response to pathogens, they release histamine among other chemicals that stimulates the rest of the immune system into action - they are raised in certainallergic reactions.

Question 18

what do Neutrophils do?

Answer 18

Roughly half of white blood cells are neutrophils. Neutrophils are usually the first cells of the immune system to respond in response to an invader such as abacteria. As first responders, they also send out signals alerting other cells in the immune system to respond to the scene.

Question 19

Bone marrow is the spongy material at the centre of some of our bones, what cells does it make?

Answer 19

It makes all the new blood cells we need, including both red blood cells and the different white blood cells

Question 20

what do Red blood cells do?

Answer 20

Carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues around the body and then remove carbon dioxide from the tissues for transporting back to the lungs.

Question 21

what are Platelets?

Answer 21

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.

Question 22

how do phagocytosis break down/kill a pathogen

Answer 22

Phagocytes are attracted to pathogens in the blood and bind to them – they then surround the pathogens and engulf them (like an amoeba).

Question 23

how do Lymphocytes kill a pathogen?

Answer 23

Lymphocytes recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens. Lymphocytes detect that these are foreign and do not naturally occur within your body and so produce antibodies.

The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and then make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them. Some antibodies can destroy pathogens directly.

Question 24

what size and shape is a lymph node?

Answer 24

They are shaped like a bean and usually less than 1 cm long.

Question 25

where can lymph nodes be found?

Answer 25

In the neck (cervical nodes)

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Under the arm (axillary nodes)

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In the groin (inguinal nodes)

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In the centre of the chest between the lungs (mediastinal nodes)

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In the abdomen (mesenteric nodes

Question 26

what is the spleen home to?

Answer 26

1. Cells called ‘macrophages
2. Lymphocytes
3. Platelets

Question 27

what are four spleen function

Answer 27

1. store lymphocytes
2. Filter and remove old damaged red blood cells from the circulation
3. Act as a blood reservoir in times of shock and haemorrhage
4. Preserves iron when old red cells have been broken down.

Question 28

what are the two different tissues in the spleen?

Answer 28

Red pulp

white pulp

Question 29

what makes up red pulp?

Answer 29

Contains venous sinuses (cavities filled with blood), and splenic cords (connective tissues containing red blood cells and white blood cells).

Question 30

what makes up white pulp?

Answer 30

Mostly consists of immune cells (T cells and B cells).

Question 31

The immune system works within our body to keep us free of infection and disease. what It is made up of?

Answer 31

Physical barriers

Immune cells

Proteins

Question 32

what do physical barriers do?

Answer 32

A physical barrier is made up of the mucosa- e.g eye, nose, mouth and bowel that are also protected by fluids that wash the mucosa

Question 33

how do immune cells protect against infections?

Answer 33

The 5 different white blood cell types.

Question 34

how do proteins protect against infection?

Answer 34

Antibodies (they are also known as ‘immunoglobulins’) can stick to other proteins called ‘antigens’ on the surface of organisms (such as bacteria and viruses) and can kill bacteria.

Question 35

Name the main organs / glands of the lymphatic system

Answer 35

bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils

Question 36

Briefly describe the movement of lymph through the body

Answer 36

Lymphatic vessels collect and filter lymph (at the nodes) as it continues to move toward larger vessels called collecting ducts.

Question 37

Name the 2 main lymphatic ducts in the thoracic area

Answer 37

theright lymphatic ductand thethoracic duct

Question 38

Name 3 main areas where lymph nodes are situated in the body

Answer 38

neck, armpit and groin