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APT- Level 3 > Anatomy and physiology- Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology- Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main blood vessel circuit’s

A
  1. Pulmonary Circuit

2. Sytemic Circuit

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2
Q

What are the three major types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries-carry blood away from the heart
  2. Capillaries- enable exchange of water and chemicals between blood and tissues
  3. Veins- carry blood from capillaries back to the heart
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3
Q

What is the Tunica intima (inner layer)

A

the thinnest layer that allows for nutrients and gases to be exchanged when blood reaches the capillaries

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4
Q

What is the Tunica media (middle layer)

A

This is the muscular middle layer and allows blood vessels to constrict and dilate to adjust the volume of blood.

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5
Q

What is Tunica externa (external layer)

A

This is mainly composed of connective tissue and serves to protect the vessel and anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving them stability.

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6
Q

Both arteries and veins have the same three distinct tissue layers, What are these

A 
Tunica intima (inner layer)
Tunica media (middle layer) 
Tunica externa (external layer)
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7
Q

What is the heart made from

A

myocardium

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8
Q

How many chambers are in the heart

A

Four:
2 upper atriums
2 lower ventricles

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9
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls than the atriums

A

because blood is pumped out of the heart at greater pressure from these chambers compared to the atria.

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10
Q

What are the atria?

A

The two upper chambers in the heart, which receive blood from the veins and push it into the ventricles

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11
Q

What are the ventricles

A

The two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system.

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12
Q

What is the septum

A

A strong muscular wall that divides the two sides of the heart

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13
Q

How is blood flow controlled through the heart?

A

Four one way valves control blood flow through the heart chambers and prevent the backflow of blood.

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14
Q

Label the heart chambers

A
  1. Upper body
  2. Left atrium
  3. Right atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
  5. Right ventricle
  6. Lower body
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15
Q

what is The pericardium?

A

A double-walled sac containing the heart, and comprises the fibrous outer layer and the serous inner layer

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16
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium

A

Fixes the heart in position

​Gives protection against infection

​Provides the lubrication for the heart

​

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17
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium - It is made up of connective tissue and acts to protect the heart

The serous pericardium,

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18
Q

what are the two layers of the the serous pericardium,

A

The parietal pericardium

The visceral pericardium

Extra info: In between the parietal and visceral layers there is a potential space called the pericardial cavity, which contains a supply of lubricating fluid known as pericardial fluid

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19
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

​Endocardium

​

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20
Q

what is the the epicardium?

A

The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is just another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium. Thus, the epicardium helps to lubricate and protect the outside of the heart.

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21
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

The myocardium is the muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the cardiac muscle tissue. Myocardium makes up the majority of the thickness and mass of the heart wall and is the part of the heart responsible for pumping blood.

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22
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The endocardium is a thin layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart. The endocardium is very smooth and is responsible for keeping blood from sticking to the inside of the heart and forming potentially deadly blood clots.

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23
Q

The human circulatory system is a double system, What are the two separate systems of blood flow?

A

The left side of the heart deals with systemic circulation

The right side of the heart deals with pulmonary circulation

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24
Q

What are the 5 great vessels

A 
Superior vena cava 
Inferior vena cava 
Pulmonary artery 
Pulmonary vein 
Aorta
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25
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Return deoxygenated blood from circulation in the body and empty it into the right atrium

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26
Q

What does the Inferior vena cava do?

A

Return deoxygenated blood from circulation in the body and empty it into the right atrium

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27
Q

What does the Pulmonary artery do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation

28
Q

What does the Pulmonary vein do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium

29
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

The largest artery in the body - it carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation

30
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

Four
2 Atrioventricular valves
2 Semilunar valves

31
Q

What are the Atrioventricular valves and what do they do?

A

The tricuspid valve and mitral valve, which control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles

32
Q

what are the Semilunar valves and what do they do?

A

The pulmonary valve and aortic valve, which control blood flow out of the ventricles

33
Q

What is the structure of the tricuspid valve?

A

The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart.

34
Q

What are atrioventricular valves made of?

A

The atrioventricular valves are thin structures that are composed of endocardium and connective tissue

35
Q

What is the structure of the mitral valve?

A

The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop’s mitre (a type of hat).

36
Q

What are semilunar valves made from

A

Flaps of endocardium and connective tissue reinforced by fibres which prevent the valves from turning inside out.

37
Q

What is the structure of the pulmonary valve?

A

The pulmonary valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and has three cusps.

38
Q

What is the structure of the aortic valve

A

The aortic valve, which has three cusps, lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

39
Q

Explain heart sounds

A

Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a lub and a dub. The lub-dup sounds are created when the heart valves snap shut:

​

40
Q

What are the different heart sounds

A

First sound occurs as Atrioventricular valves close (the first heart sound S1)

Second sound occurs when Semilunar valves close (the second heart sound S2)

In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs ect, that may signal cardiac problems - The rarer extra heart sounds are termed S3 and S4

41
Q

what is the Cardiac cycle?

A

The cardiac cycle refers to all the events associated with blood flow through the heart

​

42
Q

what is Diastole

A

relaxation of heart muscle

43
Q

what is Systole

A

Contraction of heart muscle

44
Q

What happens in Diastole?

A

All heart muscle in relaxation
All heart valves are closed
Blood returning to atria

45
Q

What happens in Atrial systole

A

Atria in contraction
AV valves are open
Blood to ventricles

46
Q

What happens in ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles in contraction
Semilunar valves are open
blood passing to arteries

47
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

A group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle

48
Q

What are the main components of the cardiac conduction system.

A

SA node (Sinoatrial node)

AV node (Atrioventricular node)

Bundle of His

Bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

49
Q

what is Polarization

A

is the resting state of the myocardial wall when there is not electrical activity in the heart and is recorded on the ECG strip as a flatline.

50
Q

what is Depolarization?

A

when the electrical system if the heart stimulates a myocardial cell, resulting in the contraction of the stimulated heart muscle.

51
Q

What is Repolarization?

A

the process of reaching the resting state before they can electrically simulated again

52
Q

what is Electrocardiography (ECG)

A

Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG), a recording - a graph ofvoltage versus time

53
Q

what are the three main components to an ECG

A

The P wave, which represents thedepolarization of the atria.

The QRS complex, which represents thedepolarization of the ventricles.

The T wave, which represents therepolarization of the ventricles.

54
Q

what is the aorta?

A

The aorta is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen

55
Q

what are the sections of the aorta?

A

The aorta starts from the heart as theACSENDING aorta(upwards) then makes a hairpin turn known as theAORTIC ARCH. Following the aortic arch, the aorta then travels as theDECSENDING aorta(downwards).

56
Q

what are The two parts of the descending aorta?

A

The aorta begins to descend in the thoracic cavity, and consequently is known as theTHORACIC aorta.

After the aorta passes through the diaphragm, it is known as theABODMINAL aorta.

57
Q

what are the four Aorta branches?

A
  1. Coronary arteries (supply the heart)
  2. Aortic arch (supply head, neck and arms)
  3. Descending thoracic aorta (supply ribs and some chest structures)
  4. Abdominal aorta (supply most major organs)
58
Q

The entire blood supply of the brain depends on two sets of paired arteries.

what are these?

A

The internal carotid arteries that are branches of the common carotid arteries (dark red).

The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries (light red).

59
Q

what is the Circle of Willis?

A

The terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries all connect to form a circular blood vessel

60
Q

what are three main (paired) constituents of the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

Posterior cerebral arteries

61
Q

To complete the circle of willis, two ‘connecting vessels’ are also present what are these?

A

Anterior communicating artery – connects the two anterior cerebral arteries.

Posterior communicating artery– this artery connects the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery

62
Q

The gut is divisible into 3 parts what are these?

A

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

63
Q

what atery supplies the foregut

A

celiac artery

64
Q

what artery supplies the midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

65
Q

what artery supplies the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery.

​

66
Q

What is the hepatic artery?

A

The hepatic artery (also termed proper hepatic artery) is the artery that supplies the liver and gallbladder

APT- Level 3 (10 decks)

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