Anatomy and physiology- Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What are the musculoskeletal systems primary functions?

Answer 1

Supporting the body

Allowing motion

Protecting vital organs

Question 2

The musculoskeletal system is made up of what?

Answer 2

Bones (the skeleton)

Muscles

Cartilage

Tendons

Ligaments

Joints

Connective tissue (that support and bind tissues and organs together).

Answer 3

Main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.

Components of the haematopoietic

Question 4

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect your muscles, bones, and joints- Give examples of MSD’s

Answer 4

-Trauma
-Arthritis
-Paget’s disease
-Rickets/Osteomalacia
-Muscular dystrophy
-Neuromuscular junction disorders

Question 5

How many bones do humans have at birth

Answer 5

270

Question 6

How many bones does a typical adult human have

Answer 6

206

Question 7

What is the Axial skeleton formed of

Answer 7

Vertebral column

Rib cage

Skull

Other associated bones

Question 8

what is the appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton formed of?

Answer 8

Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)

Pelvic girdle

Bones of the upper and lower limbs

Question 9

what is the skeletal system composed of

Answer 9

Bones
​

Cartilages
​

Ligaments

​
Tendons

Question 10

what are bones?

Answer 10

tissues made of osseous materials that undergo calcification, a process where minerals are deposited to harden the bone.

Question 11

what are cartilages?

Answer 11

thick and rubbery tissues that are found in joints, the ears, the nose, and the ribs.

Question 12

what are ligaments?

Answer 12

tough, fibrous tissues that connect one bone to another bone.

Question 13

what are tendons?

Answer 13

soft tissues that connect muscles to bones.

Question 14

Aside from providing body frameworks what are the other functions of the skeleton?

Answer 14

1. Shape.
2. Support.
3. Movement.
4. Protection.
5. Blood Cell Production.
6. Storage.
7. Endocrine Regulation.
8. Electrolyte Balance.
   ​
9. Acid-Base Balance.

Question 15

what are the different bone shapes?

Answer 15

Long bones
​
Short bones
​
Flat bones

Small rounded

Irregular bones

Fused bones

Question 16

what is the function of a long bone?

Answer 16

Act as levers to raise and lower.

Question 17

what is the function of a short bone?

Answer 17

Short bones such as the talus (ankle bone) are useful as bridge

Question 18

What is the function of a flat bone?

Answer 18

Flat bones, including those in the skull, form protective shells.

Question 19

what is the function of small rounded bones?

Answer 19

Small rounded, sesamoid bones such as the patella (kneecap) are embedded within tendons.

Question 20

what is the function of irregular bones?

Answer 20

Irregular bones included vertebrae, the ilium (pelvis) and some skull bones, such as the sphenoid. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment

Question 21

what are fused bones?

Answer 21

the bones of the face are counted as separate bones, despite being fused naturally. The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the lower vertebrae between 18 and 30 years of age.

Question 22

what are the hand bones made up from?

Answer 22

Carpal bones (Most proximal)

Metacarpals

Phalanges (Most distal)

Question 23

What are carpal bones (hand)?

Answer 23

Carpal bones (Most proximal) – A set of eight irregularly shaped bones. These are located in the wrist area. These bones facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful muscles of the forearm, and the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist.

Question 24

what are metacarpals (hand)?

Answer 24

There are five metacarpals, each one related to a digit. These long bones within the hand are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones, and to the phalanges, or finger bones. The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they join to the wrist.

Question 25

what are phalanges (hand)?

Answer 25

(Most distal) – The bones of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two. The phalanges of the fingers help us manipulate our environment while the phalanges of the foot help us balance, walk, and run

Question 26

what are the foot bones made up from

Answer 26

Tarsal bones (x7) Metatarsal bones (x5) Phalanges (x14)

Question 27

what are the tarsal bones?

Answer 27

The tarsal bones are a group of seven bones that make up the rear section of the foot. Tarsal bones include: ​ The talus, or ankle bone (no 4): The talus is the bone at the top of the foot. It connects with the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg. ​ The calcaneus, or heel bone (n o5): The calcaneus is largest of the tarsal bones. It sits below the talus and plays an essential role in supporting body weight. ​ The tarsals: These five bones form the arch of the midfoot. They are the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms (no 1), the cuboid (no 2), and the navicular (no 3).

Question 28

what are the metatarsal bones?

Answer 28

The metatarsal bones are a group of five tubular bones in the middle of the foot. They connect to the tarsal bones and the phalanges. The metatarsals sit in a row, and are numbered one to five. The first one sits closest to the arch of the foot, and number five sits at the outer edge of the foot.

Question 29

what are the phalanges (foot)?

Answer 29

The phalanges are the bones in the toes. The second to fifth toes each contain three phalanges. ​ From the back of the foot to the front, the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. ​ The big toe or hallux contains only two phalanges, which are proximal and distal. The metatarsal phalangeal joints are the joints between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanx of each toe. These joints form the ball of the foot.

Question 30

what is the ribcage?

Answer 30

This is a bony cage within the chest which shields the heart, lungs and other organs

Question 31

How many pairs of ribs are there in a ribcage

Answer 31

12

Question 32

From 1-12 which are the true ribs, the False ribs and the floating ribs?

Answer 32

1-7 are the true ribs 8-12 are the false ribs (8-10 vertebrochondral ribs) (11-12 floating ribs)

Question 33

what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?

Answer 33

Male- Narrow pubic arch Female- Wide pubic arch

Question 34

How many bones protect the brain

Answer 34

eight bones enclose and protect the brain these are called the cranial vault

Question 35

How many bones make up the skeleton of the face?

Answer 35

14 facial bones

Question 36

How many bones are there in the middle ear?

Answer 36

In the middle ear there are three tiny bones (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) of the type known as ossicles, which are not technically part of the skull

Question 37

what are the ring like bones that make up the spine?

Answer 37

Vertebrae- (There are 33 of these)

Question 38

What are the three main types of vertebrae?

Answer 38

x 7 cervical (neck) x 12 thoracic (upper back) x 5 lumbar (lower back)

Question 39

what are the two regions at the base of the spine consisting of several fused vertebrae?

Answer 39

The wedge-shaped sacrum (x 5) The tail-like coccyx (x 4)

Question 40

Label the Vertebrae from top to bottom

Answer 40

1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5.Coccygeal

Question 41

Label parts of the teeth

Answer 41

Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral. ​ Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. It is a hard tissue that contains microscopic tubes. When the enamel is damaged, heat or cold can enter the tooth through these paths and cause sensitivity or pain. ​ Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth. ​ Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.

Question 42

What is the Alveolar bone?

Answer 42

The alveolar bone is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible.

Question 43

What is the Apex?

Answer 43

The apical foramen, commonly called apex, is the opening of the pulp at the end of a root. It is from this opening that nerves and blood vessels go inside the tooth to feed the pulp.

Question 44

How many teeth does a normal adult mouth have?

Answer 44

32 teeth

Question 45

Name the types of teeth

Answer 45

• Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. ​ • Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. ​ • Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. ​ • Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food. ​ • Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.

Question 46

What does compact bone form?

Answer 46

Compact bone forms the shafts of long bones; it also occurs on the outer side of the bone

Question 47

Where is spongy bone found

Answer 47

Spongy bone forms the inner layer of bones

Question 48

What is the epiphyseal line?

Answer 48

The epiphyseal line the part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate in long bones once a person has reached their full adult height. ​

Question 49

Osteons are cylindrical structures found in compact bone, what do they contain

Answer 49

Concentric layers of calcium / phosphate mineral matrix Haversian canals for blood supply Living osteocytes (bone cells)

Question 50

what are the Haversian canals?

Answer 50

The Haversian canals are holes that perforate the bone to form a network of blood vessels and nerves that nourish and monitor the osteocytes.

Question 51

what do the spongy bone of the femur, humerus, and sternum contain?

Answer 51

red marrow, in which stem cells reproduce and form the cellular components of the blood and immune system. ​

Question 52

What is yellow marrow and where is it stored?

Answer 52

Yellow marrow is at the centre of spongy bones, is used to store fats.

Question 53

what is the periosteum?

Answer 53

The periosteum is a very thin membrane that covers many of the bones in your body. It serves as protection as well as a channel for the blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue. (It is rich in nerve endings and blood and lymphatic vessels. When fractures occur, the pain is carried to the brain by nerves running through the periosteum)

Question 54

There are three special types of cells that are found only in the bone, what are these?

Answer 54

Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes

Question 55

what are Osteoclasts?

Answer 55

Osteoclasts: are large cells that dissolve the bone. They come from the bone marrow and are related to white blood cells. They are found on the surface of the bone mineral next to the dissolving bone.

Question 56

what are Osteoblasts?

Answer 56

Osteoblasts: are the cells that form new bone. They also come from the bone marrow and are related to structural cells and work in teams to build bone. They produce new bone called "osteoid" which is made of bone collagen and other protein. They are found on the surface of the new bone.

Question 57

what are Osteocytes?

Answer 57

Osteocytes: are cells inside the bone and are not isolated because they send out long branches (canaliculi) that connect to the other osteocytes. These cells can sense pressures or cracks in the bone and help to direct osteoclasts and osteoblasts within the bone.

Question 58

What is cartilage?

Answer 58

Cartilage: is a type of connective tissue that is not as hard and rigid as bone, but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

Question 59

what are the three types of cartilage are produced by chondrocytes?

Answer 59

Hyaline cartilage - is the most common type, found at the junction of long bones, sternum, and ribs. Is a precursor of bone and provides support and strength to different parts of the body. It also provides smooth surfaces, facilitating easy movement of joints. Fibrous cartilage - is found in invertebral discs and joint capsules, and is good at resisting compression. Elastic cartilage - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx and maintains shape and flexibility.

Question 60

ligaments attach _____ to _____

Answer 60

ligaments attach bones to bones

Question 61

tendons attach ______ to ______

Answer 61

tendons attach muscles to bones

Question 62

what are ligaments?

Answer 62

Ligaments serve as connectors, linking the ends of bones together at a joint. The joints allow for the performance of simple and complex motions throughout the body, and ligaments come in a variety of sizes and shapes to support, strengthen and stabilize the joints.

Question 63

What are tendons?

Answer 63

Tendons attach muscles to bones. Tendons aid in the movement of bones by transmitting force from the muscle to the bone. Tendons aid in a wide range of motion and act to resist pressures; hence, it is important that they vary in shape and size.

Question 64

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 64

immovable, partly movable, and synovial.

Question 65

what are immovable joints

Answer 65

Immovable joints, like those connecting the cranial bones, have edges that tightly interlock.

Question 66

What are partly moveable joints?

Answer 66

Partly movable joints allow some degree of flexibility and usually have cartilage between the bones; example: vertebrae.

Question 67

what are synovial joints?

Answer 67

Synovial joints permit the greatest degree of flexibility and have the ends of bones covered with a connective tissue filled with synovial fluid. Most joints in the body are synovial joints. These versatile lubricated joints allow surfaces in contact to slide over each other easily. example: hip.

Question 68

what are the 6 Types of Synovial Joint?

Answer 68

1. Pivot joint: also called rotary is a joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone. ​ 2. Ball and socket joint: the rounded head of one bone fits into the cup-like cavity of another bone. This type of joint allows for the greatest amount of movement e.g. the shoulder and the hip joints. ​ 3. Saddle joint: the joint surface of each bone has both concave and convex areas so that the bone can rock back and forth and from side to side but have limited rotations. ​ 4. Gliding joint: The two surfaces of bones that meet in a gliding joint are almost flat and slide over one another. Movement is limited, however, by strong encasing ligaments. E.g. joints in the wrist and foot. ​ 5. Condyloid joint: also called ellipsoidal, has an egg-shaped bone end which is held within an elliptical cavity. This type of joint can be flexed or extended and moved from side to side but rotation is limited. E.g. the radius bone of the forearm and the scaphoid bone of the hand meet in an ellipsoidal joint. ​ 6. Hinge joint: In this simplest of joints, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. This allows for movement like a hinged door in only one plane.

Question 69

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 69

The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

Question 70

Explain cardiac muscle cells

Answer 70

Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control.

Question 71

Explain smooth muscle fibers

Answer 71

Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control.

Question 72

Explain skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 72

Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

Question 73

Skeletal muscle has three layers of connective tissue that enclose it, what are these?

Answer 73

1. Epimysium 2. Perimysium 3. Endomysium ​

Question 74

what is Epimysium?

Answer 74

Each muscle is wrapped in a sheath, a strong dense outer layer of connective tissue called the epimysium, which allows a muscle to contract and move powerfully while maintaining its structural integrity. The epimysium also separates muscle from other tissues and organs in the area, allowing the muscle to move independently. ​

Question 75

What is Perimysium?

Answer 75

Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, surrounded by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This arrangement allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of a muscle by activating a subset of muscle fibers within a fascicle of the muscle. ​

Question 76

what is Endomysium?

Answer 76

Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber (muscle cell) is encased in a thin inner layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium surrounds the muscle cells and plays a role in transferring force produced by the muscle fibers