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APT- Level 3 > Anatomy and physiology- Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology- Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the musculoskeletal systems primary functions?

A

Supporting the body

Allowing motion

Protecting vital organs

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2
Q

The musculoskeletal system is made up of what?

A

Bones (the skeleton)

Muscles

Cartilage

Tendons

Ligaments

Joints

Connective tissue (that support and bind tissues and organs together).

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3
Q
A

Main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.

Components of the haematopoietic

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4
Q

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect your muscles, bones, and joints- Give examples of MSD’s

A

-Trauma
-Arthritis
-Paget’s disease
-Rickets/Osteomalacia
-Muscular dystrophy
-Neuromuscular junction disorders

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5
Q

How many bones do humans have at birth

A

270

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6
Q

How many bones does a typical adult human have

A

206

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7
Q

What is the Axial skeleton formed of

A

Vertebral column

Rib cage

Skull

Other associated bones

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8
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton formed of?

A

Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)

Pelvic girdle

Bones of the upper and lower limbs

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9
Q

what is the skeletal system composed of

A

Bones
​

Cartilages
​

Ligaments

​
Tendons

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10
Q

what are bones?

A

tissues made of osseous materials that undergo calcification, a process where minerals are deposited to harden the bone.

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11
Q

what are cartilages?

A

thick and rubbery tissues that are found in joints, the ears, the nose, and the ribs.

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12
Q

what are ligaments?

A

tough, fibrous tissues that connect one bone to another bone.

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13
Q

what are tendons?

A

soft tissues that connect muscles to bones.

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14
Q

Aside from providing body frameworks what are the other functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Shape.
  2. Support.
  3. Movement.
  4. Protection.
  5. Blood Cell Production.
  6. Storage.
  7. Endocrine Regulation.
  8. Electrolyte Balance.
    ​
  9. Acid-Base Balance.
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15
Q

what are the different bone shapes?

A

Long bones
​
Short bones
​
Flat bones

Small rounded

Irregular bones

Fused bones

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16
Q

what is the function of a long bone?

A

Act as levers to raise and lower.

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17
Q

what is the function of a short bone?

A

Short bones such as the talus (ankle bone) are useful as bridge

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18
Q

What is the function of a flat bone?

A

Flat bones, including those in the skull, form protective shells.

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19
Q

what is the function of small rounded bones?

A

Small rounded, sesamoid bones such as the patella (kneecap) are embedded within tendons.

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20
Q

what is the function of irregular bones?

A

Irregular bones included vertebrae, the ilium (pelvis) and some skull bones, such as the sphenoid. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment

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21
Q

what are fused bones?

A

the bones of the face are counted as separate bones, despite being fused naturally. The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the lower vertebrae between 18 and 30 years of age.

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22
Q

what are the hand bones made up from?

A

Carpal bones (Most proximal)

Metacarpals

Phalanges (Most distal)

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23
Q

What are carpal bones (hand)?

A

Carpal bones (Most proximal) – A set of eight irregularly shaped bones. These are located in the wrist area. These bones facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful muscles of the forearm, and the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist.

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24
Q

what are metacarpals (hand)?

A

There are five metacarpals, each one related to a digit. These long bones within the hand are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones, and to the phalanges, or finger bones. The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they join to the wrist.

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25
Q

what are phalanges (hand)?

A

(Most distal) – The bones of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two. The phalanges of the fingers help us manipulate our environment while the phalanges of the foot help us balance, walk, and run

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26
Q

what are the foot bones made up from

A

Tarsal bones (x7)

Metatarsal bones (x5)

Phalanges (x14)

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27
Q

what are the tarsal bones?

A

The tarsal bones are a group of seven bones that make up the rear section of the foot. Tarsal bones include:

​

The talus, or ankle bone (no 4): The talus is the bone at the top of the foot. It connects with the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg.

​

The calcaneus, or heel bone (n o5): The calcaneus is largest of the tarsal bones. It sits below the talus and plays an essential role in supporting body weight.

​

The tarsals: These five bones form the arch of the midfoot. They are the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms (no 1), the cuboid (no 2), and the navicular (no 3).

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28
Q

what are the metatarsal bones?

A

The metatarsal bones are a group of five tubular bones in the middle of the foot. They connect to the tarsal bones and the phalanges.

The metatarsals sit in a row, and are numbered one to five. The first one sits closest to the arch of the foot, and number five sits at the outer edge of the foot.

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29
Q

what are the phalanges (foot)?

A

The phalanges are the bones in the toes. The second to fifth toes each contain three phalanges.

​

From the back of the foot to the front, the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

​

The big toe or hallux contains only two phalanges, which are proximal and distal.

The metatarsal phalangeal joints are the joints between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanx of each toe. These joints form the ball of the foot.

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30
Q

what is the ribcage?

A

This is a bony cage within the chest which shields the heart, lungs and other organs

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31
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there in a ribcage

A

12

32
Q

From 1-12 which are the true ribs, the False ribs and the floating ribs?

A

1-7 are the true ribs
8-12 are the false ribs (8-10 vertebrochondral ribs) (11-12 floating ribs)

33
Q

what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?

A

Male- Narrow pubic arch
Female- Wide pubic arch

34
Q

How many bones protect the brain

A

eight bones enclose and protect the brain these are called the cranial vault

35
Q

How many bones make up the skeleton of the face?

A

14 facial bones

36
Q

How many bones are there in the middle ear?

A

In the middle ear there are three tiny bones (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) of the type known as ossicles, which are not technically part of the skull

37
Q

what are the ring like bones that make up the spine?

A

Vertebrae- (There are 33 of these)

38
Q

What are the three main types of vertebrae?

A

x 7 cervical (neck)

x 12 thoracic (upper back)

x 5 lumbar (lower back)

39
Q

what are the two regions at the base of the spine consisting of several fused vertebrae?

A

The wedge-shaped sacrum (x 5)

The tail-like coccyx (x 4)

40
Q

Label the Vertebrae from top to bottom

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
    5.Coccygeal
41
Q

Label parts of the teeth

A

Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral.

​

Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. It is a hard tissue that contains microscopic tubes. When the enamel is damaged, heat or cold can enter the tooth through these paths and cause sensitivity or pain.

​

Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth.

​

Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.

42
Q

What is the Alveolar bone?

A

The alveolar bone is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible.

43
Q

What is the Apex?

A

The apical foramen, commonly called apex, is the opening of the pulp at the end of a root. It is from this opening that nerves and blood vessels go inside the tooth to feed the pulp.

44
Q

How many teeth does a normal adult mouth have?

A

32 teeth

45
Q

Name the types of teeth

A

• Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws.

​

• Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors.

​

• Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars.

​

• Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food.

​

• Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.

46
Q

What does compact bone form?

A

Compact bone forms the shafts of long bones; it also occurs on the outer side of the bone

47
Q

Where is spongy bone found

A

Spongy bone forms the inner layer of bones

48
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

The epiphyseal line the part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate in long bones once a person has reached their full adult height.

​

49
Q

Osteons are cylindrical structures found in compact bone, what do they contain

A

Concentric layers of calcium / phosphate mineral matrix

Haversian canals for blood supply

Living osteocytes (bone cells)

50
Q

what are the Haversian canals?

A

The Haversian canals are holes that perforate the bone to form a network of blood vessels and nerves that nourish and monitor the osteocytes.

51
Q

what do the spongy bone of the femur, humerus, and sternum contain?

A

red marrow, in which stem cells reproduce and form the cellular components of the blood and immune system.

​

52
Q

What is yellow marrow and where is it stored?

A

Yellow marrow is at the centre of spongy bones, is used to store fats.

53
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

The periosteum is a very thin membrane that covers many of the bones in your body. It serves as protection as well as a channel for the blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue.

(It is rich in nerve endings and blood and lymphatic vessels. When fractures occur, the pain is carried to the brain by nerves running through the periosteum)

54
Q

There are three special types of cells that are found only in the bone, what are these?

A

Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes

55
Q

what are Osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts: are large cells that dissolve the bone. They come from the bone marrow and are related to white blood cells. They are found on the surface of the bone mineral next to the dissolving bone.

56
Q

what are Osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts: are the cells that form new bone. They also come from the bone marrow and are related to structural cells and work in teams to build bone. They produce new bone called “osteoid” which is made of bone collagen and other protein. They are found on the surface of the new bone.

57
Q

what are Osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes: are cells inside the bone and are not isolated because they send out long branches (canaliculi) that connect to the other osteocytes. These cells can sense pressures or cracks in the bone and help to direct osteoclasts and osteoblasts within the bone.

58
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Cartilage: is a type of connective tissue that is not as hard and rigid as bone, but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

59
Q

what are the three types of cartilage are produced by chondrocytes?

A

Hyaline cartilage - is the most common type, found at the junction of long bones, sternum, and ribs. Is a precursor of bone and provides support and strength to different parts of the body. It also provides smooth surfaces, facilitating easy movement of joints.

Fibrous cartilage - is found in invertebral discs and joint capsules, and is good at resisting compression.

Elastic cartilage - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx and maintains shape and flexibility.

60
Q

ligaments attach _____ to _____

A

ligaments attach bones to bones

61
Q

tendons attach ______ to ______

A

tendons attach muscles to bones

62
Q

what are ligaments?

A

Ligaments serve as connectors, linking the ends of bones together at a joint. The joints allow for the performance of simple and complex motions throughout the body, and ligaments come in a variety of sizes and shapes to support, strengthen and stabilize the joints.

63
Q

What are tendons?

A

Tendons attach muscles to bones. Tendons aid in the movement of bones by transmitting force from the muscle to the bone. Tendons aid in a wide range of motion and act to resist pressures; hence, it is important that they vary in shape and size.

64
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

immovable, partly movable, and synovial.

65
Q

what are immovable joints

A

Immovable joints, like those connecting the cranial bones, have edges that tightly interlock.

66
Q

What are partly moveable joints?

A

Partly movable joints allow some degree of flexibility and usually have cartilage between the bones; example: vertebrae.

67
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

Synovial joints permit the greatest degree of flexibility and have the ends of bones covered with a connective tissue filled with synovial fluid. Most joints in the body are synovial joints. These versatile lubricated joints allow surfaces in contact to slide over each other easily. example: hip.

68
Q

what are the 6 Types of Synovial Joint?

A
  1. Pivot joint: also called rotary is a joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone.

​

  1. Ball and socket joint: the rounded head of one bone fits into the cup-like cavity of another bone. This type of joint allows for the greatest amount of movement e.g. the shoulder and the hip joints.

​

  1. Saddle joint: the joint surface of each bone has both concave and convex areas so that the bone can rock back and forth and from side to side but have limited rotations.

​

  1. Gliding joint: The two surfaces of bones that meet in a gliding joint are almost flat and slide over one another. Movement is limited, however, by strong encasing ligaments. E.g. joints in the wrist and foot.

​

  1. Condyloid joint: also called ellipsoidal, has an egg-shaped bone end which is held within an elliptical cavity. This type of joint can be flexed or extended and moved from side to side but rotation is limited. E.g. the radius bone of the forearm and the scaphoid bone of the hand meet in an ellipsoidal joint.

​

  1. Hinge joint: In this simplest of joints, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. This allows for movement like a hinged door in only one plane.
69
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

70
Q

Explain cardiac muscle cells

A

Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control.

71
Q

Explain smooth muscle fibers

A

Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control.

72
Q

Explain skeletal muscle fibers

A

Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

73
Q

Skeletal muscle has three layers of connective tissue that enclose it, what are these?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium

​

74
Q

what is Epimysium?

A

Each muscle is wrapped in a sheath, a strong dense outer layer of connective tissue called the epimysium, which allows a muscle to contract and move powerfully while maintaining its structural integrity. The epimysium also separates muscle from other tissues and organs in the area, allowing the muscle to move independently.

​

75
Q

What is Perimysium?

A

Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, surrounded by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This arrangement allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of a muscle by activating a subset of muscle fibers within a fascicle of the muscle.

​

76
Q

what is Endomysium?

A

Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber (muscle cell) is encased in a thin inner layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium surrounds the muscle cells and plays a role in transferring force produced by the muscle fibers

APT- Level 3 (10 decks)

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