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My MSK > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four most common infections of bone?

A
  • post-traumatic infection
  • prosthetic joint infection
  • diabetic foot infection
  • vertebral osteomyelitis
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2
Q

What is a S.aureus infection treated with?

A

Flucloxacillin (oral doxy for step-down)

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3
Q

What is a S.epidermidis infection treated with?

A

Vancomycin

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4
Q

What is a S.pyogenes infection treated with?

A

Doxycycline

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5
Q

What are gram negative infections treated with?

A

Clindamycin/Gentamicin?

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6
Q

What are anaerobic infections treated with?

A

Metronidazole

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7
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

infection of the bone and medulla cavity in long bones which may recur

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8
Q

How is osteomyelitis investigated and treated?

A
  • biopsy and WAIT for results (unless sepsis) to decide antibiotic
  • debridement and antibiotics
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9
Q

What are the three most important organisms in MSK?

A
  • S.aureus (gram postitive clusters, coagulase positive)
  • S.epidermidis (gram positive clusters, coagulase negative)
  • Group A strep (gram positive chains, beta haemolytic)
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10
Q

What is the most important toxin in MSK?

A

PVL with S.aureus as it causes necrotising disease and abscess formation

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11
Q

What are the most common bacteria for open fractures?

A

S.aureus and aerobic gram negative bacteria

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12
Q

What are the features of diabetic feet?

A
  • microvascular dysfunction
  • decreased pain perception
  • gland malfunction
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13
Q

If you hit bone in a probe to bone of venous insufficiency/ diabetic foot, what does this mean?

A

there is osteomyelitis

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14
Q

When do you swab an ulcer?

A

ONLY when there are signs of infection and ONLY treat if there are clinical signs of infection

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15
Q

Who gets haematogenous myelitis?

A
  • pre-pubertal children
  • IVDUs
  • people with central lines eg dialysis
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16
Q

What are the unusual sites for osteomyelitis that may be seen in IVDUs?

A
  • pubic symphysis

- sacroiliac joint

17
Q

What is the common infection for dialysis patients?

A

S.aureus

18
Q

What pathogens is sickle cell related to?

A

S.aureus and Salmonella

19
Q

What are the features of acute osteomyelitis?

A
  • trauma/operation
  • kids/immunosuppressed
  • S.aureus
  • dead tissue must be removed
20
Q

What is the main treatment for septic arthritis?

A

let the pus out!

21
Q

What does hazy black on an XR mean?

A

soft tissue infection which is usually cellulitis or necrotising fasciitis
black is air from organisms

22
Q

What are the prophylactic measures involved in ortho surgery to avoid infection?

A
  • laminar air flow
  • antibiotics 24hrs before ie co-amox, fluclox and gent
  • antibiotics in the bone cement used
23
Q

What are the features of vertebral osteomyelitis?

A
  • can be associated with abscess
  • IVDU, IV site
  • bone biopsy for diagnosis
  • wait for micro and then pathogen specific treatment
24
Q

What are the risk factors for prosthetic joint infection?

A
  • RA
  • Diabetes
  • Malnutrition
  • Obesity
25
Q

What are the routes for septic arthritis?

A
  • direct invasion through wound
  • haemtogenous spread
  • spread from infectious focus in nearby tissues
  • spread from osteomyelitis in adjacent bone
26
Q

What is pyomyositis?

A

an infection of skeletal muscle mostly caused by Staph

27
Q

What are the features of tetanus?

A
  • gram positive anaerobic rods
  • spores
  • locked jaw and muscle spasm
  • surgical debridement
  • antibiotics are penicillin and metronidazole
28
Q

What are the main situations for acute osteomyelitis?

A
  • kids
  • immunocompromised
  • open fractures
29
Q

What are the features of acute osteomyelitis?

A
  • children or immunosuppressed adults
  • bacteria in metaphases can spread to epiphyses
  • loosely applied periosteum leads to abscess
  • no surgery
30
Q

What are the features of chronic osteomyelitis?

A
  • develops from acute
  • can be associated with sequestrum to involucrum
  • adults- from lung/urine infection or discitis (S. aureus or Strep entero)
  • kids- bone surgery (S.aureus and group A strep)
  • TB?
  • needs surgery
31
Q

What are the types of osteomyelitis?

A
  • superficial
  • medullary
  • localised
  • diffuse
32
Q

What are the features of osteomyelitis of the spine?

A
  • poorly controlled diabetes
  • IVDUS
  • immunocompromised
  • lumbar spine is most affected
  • IV antibiotics after CT biopsy
33
Q

What are the most common causes of post-operative infections?

A
  • S.aureus

- S.epidermidis

My MSK (13 decks)

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