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My MSK > Children > Flashcards

Children Flashcards

1
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

neuromuscular disease before the age of 2 that is non-progressive damage to the brain before full development of the CNS

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2
Q

What are the causes of cerebral palsy?

A
  • genetic problems
  • brain malformation
  • intrauterine infection
  • problems during labour
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3
Q

What are the most common bone issue with children?

A
  • hip dislocation: can remove femur head
  • spinal problems: can lead to resp problems
    use GMFCS score
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4
Q

What does normal motion depend on?

A

an appropriante and adequate force acting via a rigid layer of appropriate length on a stable joint

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5
Q

What are the features of tiptoe walking?

A
  • idiopathic/autism related

- age 3 is when it stops being normal

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6
Q

What are the features of clubfeet?

A
  • structural abnormality
  • more common in boys
  • idiopathic
  • treatment is Ponseti plastering
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7
Q

What are the features of rocker bottom feet?

A
  • vertical talus

- treat with reverse Ponseti

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8
Q

What are red flags for paediatric bone issues?

A
  • short history
  • limp
  • localisation
  • asymmetry
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9
Q

What are the extra things to examine with knee or foot issues?

A
  • knee pain? examine hips!

- foot deformity? check spine!

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10
Q

What is osteocondritis dissecans?

A

lack of blood supply to cartilage of the knee

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11
Q

What is cavus feet?

A

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

increased arch

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12
Q

What is the progression of leg shape in children?

A

they are born varus but this corrects in adulthood

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13
Q

How do bones grow?

A
  • longitudinally from physics by enchondral oddification

- circumferentially from periosteum by appositional growth

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14
Q

What are the zones of the growth plate?

A 
Resting zone
Proliferative zone
Columnar zone
Hypertrophic zone
Calcification zone
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15
Q

Where does most growth come from in the body?

A
  • upper limb: shoulder and the wrist
  • lower limb: knees
    (the bits that stick out of the water when in the bath)
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16
Q

What are the factors affecting the growth plate?

A
  • diet/nutrition
  • hormones
  • illness
  • injury
  • vitamins and sunlight
17
Q

What is the normal time frame for sitting alone or crawling?

A

6-9 months

18
Q

What is the normal time frame for standing?

A

8-12 months

19
Q

What is the normal time frame for walking?

A

14-17 months

20
Q

What is the normal age for jumping?

A

24 months

21
Q

What is the normal age for doing stairs alone?

A

3 years

22
Q

What are some variations of normal relating to children’s feet?

A
  • curly toes
  • flat feet
  • genu valgum/varum
  • intoeing
23
Q

What are the features of Duchenne’s?

A
  • genetic
  • X linked dominant
  • boys
  • shoulder girdle, gluteus mediums and thighs
  • push up on legs to stand straight
24
Q

When is varus legs not normal?

A

abnormal when

  • unilateral
  • pain

normal when
- familial and <2

25
Q

What are the causes of varus legs?

A
  • skeletal dysplasia
  • trauma
  • tumour
  • rickets
  • Blounts disease: growth arrest of medial tibial physic and there is a beak-life protrusion on the XR
26
Q

What are the causes of valgus legs?

A
  • rickets
  • tumours
  • idiopathic
  • neurofibromatosis
    measure while lying down, between maleoli
27
Q

What can intoeing be related to?

A
  • femoral neck anteversion: lie prone, bend knee, rotate leg and there will be a W position
  • internal tibial torsion: toddlers, most resolve, thigh-foot angle
  • metatarsus adductus: common, resolves, casting?
28
Q

What are the tests for flatfeet?

A
  • determine if flexible or rigid

- do tip-toe test or check varus/valgus from the back

29
Q

What is skeletal dysplasia?

A
  • dwarfism
  • abnormal development of bone and connective tissue
  • proportionate or disproportionate
  • achondroplasia is short limb, forehead and wide nose
30
Q

What are the features of Marfan’s?

A
  • tall
  • thin
  • scoliosis
  • pectus excavatum
  • eye issues
  • AA and cardiac valve issues
31
Q

What are the features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A
  • joint hypermobility
  • vascular fragility
  • joint instability
  • scoliosis
32
Q

What is Erb’s palsy?

A

injury to C5+6 leading to the waiter’s tip posture

33
Q

What are the most common paediatric knee issues?

A
  • patellar tendonitis: self-limiting
  • girls’s pain: physio, will disappear
  • meniscal problems: will heal
34
Q

What is clubfoot?

A
  • ankle equinus, forefoot supination and varus alignment
  • boys
  • Fhx
  • breech
  • Ponseti splint/cut Achilles for treatment

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