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My MSK > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
  • tensor fascia latae
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2
Q

What is the order of depth of the gluteal muscles?

A

maximus
medius is deep
minimus is deeper

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3
Q

What are the actions of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

extensors
abductors
medial rotators
(Maximus does lateral thigh rotation alone)

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4
Q

What is the innervation of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A
  • superior gluteal (if damaged then Trandelenburg)

except the Maximus which is inferior gluteal

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5
Q

What is in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

A
  • piriformis
  • obturator internus
  • gemelli (twin muscles below OI)
  • quadratus femoris
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6
Q

What are the actions of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

nerves from the sacral plexus

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8
Q

How do nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum?

A 
pelvis= greater sciatic foramen
perineum= lesser sciatic foramen
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9
Q

What are the features of the sciatic nerve?

A
  • L4-S3
  • largest nerve in the body
  • supplies posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscle and most of skin
  • exits through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis, posterior to the acetabulum
  • supply is artery to sciatic nerve
  • splits into tibial and common fibular in distal thigh
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10
Q

What are the features of the pudendal nerve?

A
  • S2-S4
  • nerve of perineum
  • keeps 3ps off the floor (penis, poo and pee)
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11
Q

What are the features of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A
  • S1-S3

- skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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12
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

top is inguinal ligament
medial is adductor longus
lateral is the sartorius

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13
Q

What makes up the floor and the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

floor is iliopsoas and pectineus

roof is deep fascia (fascia lata)

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14
Q

What are the compartments of the thigh and the leg?

A
  • thigh: anterior, medial and posterior

- leg: anterior, posterior and lateral

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A
  • flexors: pectineus, ilipsoas and sartorius

- extensors: quadriceps femoris is made up of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius

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16
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior thigh?

A 
femoral nerve (L2-L4)
(except psoas major L1-L3)
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17
Q

What are the muscles of the medial thigh?

A
  • adductors: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis and obturator externus
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18
Q

What is the nerve supply to the medial thigh?

A 
obturator nerve (L2-L4)
(except the hamstring part of the adductor magnus which is tibial nerve)
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19
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A
  • extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg: semitendinous, semimembranous and biceps femoris
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20
Q

What is the point about the biceps femoris?

A

there is a short head and a long head and the short head is not a true hamstring as there it doesn’t attach at the ischial tuberosity

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior thigh?

A

the tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5,S1, S2)

except the short head of the biceps femurs which is the common fibular division

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22
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior leg?

A
  • dorsiflexors of the ankle and extensors of the toes: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and fibularus tertius
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23
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior leg?

A

deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)

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24
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral leg?

A
  • evert foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle: fibularis longus and brevis
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25
Q

What is the supply to the lateral leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,2)

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26
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior leg?

A
  • superficial group (plantarflexors of the ankle): gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris
  • deep group (flexors of the toes and plantorflexors of the ankle): popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior
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27
Q

What is the nerve supply to the posterior leg?

A

tibial nerve (S1,S2)

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28
Q

What deepens the acetabulum?

A

the abectabular labrum

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29
Q

What actions does the hip joint carry out?

A
  • flexion-extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • medial and lateral rotation
    alltogether this is circumduction
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30
Q

What are the main ligaments around the hip joint?

A

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

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31
Q

What is the internal ligament of the hip?

A

ligamentum teres/ligament to the head of the femur

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32
Q

What is the blood supply to the hip?

A
  • medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries from the deep femoral/profunda femoris (main supply)
  • a small supply is the artery to the head of femur which comes in the ligament mostly relevant in children (branch of obturator)
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33
Q

What are the three articulations of the knee joint?

A
  • two femerotibial

- one femeropatellar

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34
Q

What are the main movements of the knee?

A

flexion-extension with some medial-lateral rotation when the knee is flexed

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35
Q

What are the main ligaments of the knee?

A
  • extra-capsular: patellar ligament, medial and lateral collateral ligaments
  • intra-capsular: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
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36
Q

What are the features of the Achilles?

A
  • calcaneal tendon
  • strongest in body
  • tendons of the gastrocnemius and soles together
  • attached to the calcaneus tuberosity
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37
Q

What do the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb do?

A
  • follow saphenous veins
  • drain to superficial inguinal
  • then external iliac
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38
Q

What do the deep lymphatics of the lower limb do?

A
  • follow deep veins
  • deep inguinal node
  • external iliac nodes
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39
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic outlet and inlet?

A

the outlet is not just bone

the inlet is all bone

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40
Q

Where do the hamstrings attach to the pelvis?

A

proximal to ischial tuberosity

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41
Q

Where does the sartorius attach onto the pelvis?

A

the ASIS

42
Q

Where does the iliopsoas attach onto the pelvis?

A

the lesser trochanter

43
Q

When are the hips most likely to dislocate?

A
  • flexed
  • adducted
  • medially rotated
44
Q

What is the clinical sign of sciatic nerve damage?

A

dorsiflexor injury

45
Q

What muscle is Trendelenburg’s sign caused by?

A

if a hip abductor is hurt the contralateral hip will drop

46
Q

What are the features of the superior gluteal nerve?

A
  • L4-S1 anterior rami
  • via greater sciatic foramen
  • superior to piriformis
  • between medium and minimus
47
Q

What does the femoral artery go through as it becomes the popliteal artery?

A

adductor hiatus

48
Q

What are varus and valgus?

A

varus is knees out

valgus is knees in

49
Q

What is the Q angle?

A

the femur relative to the quadriceps

50
Q

What is a maisonneuvre fracture?

A

there is a syndesmosis tear at the top as there is spread of tibia and fibula
there can be common fibular nerve damage

51
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve do?

A

runs lateral

does eversion

52
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve do?

A

runs anterior

does dorsiflexion

53
Q

What is foot drop?

A
  • no dorsiflexion so increased steppage and foot slap

- fibular nerve injury

54
Q

What is the only joint that attaches the upper limb to the spine?

A

the sternoclavicular joint which is a saddle type joint

55
Q

How do you tell the radius and ulna apart by thickness?

A
  • proximal ulna is thicker than radius

- distal radius is thicker than ulna

56
Q

What is at the articulation of the wrist?

A

radius to scaphoid and lunate

57
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow?

A
  • medial: three bands make a triangular shape
  • lateral: from lateral epicondyle of humerus to annular ligament
  • annular: wraps around radius
58
Q

What are the MCP joints and the 1st CMC?

A
  • MCPs are condyloid

- first CMC is saddle type

59
Q

What are the features of the trapezius?

A
  • three bands: ascending, transverse and descending
  • CNXI innervation
  • triangle pointing to shoulder
60
Q

What are the features of the rhomboid muscles?

A
  • diagonally down to the lateral side
  • major and minor
  • innervation is dorsal scapular nerve
61
Q

What are the features of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • axial skeleton to humerus
  • this is an adductor
  • innervation is thoracodorsal nerve
62
Q

What are the features of the pectoral muscles?

A
  • pectorals major is innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerve
  • pectorals major does horizontal adduction and extension of shoulder
  • pectoralis minor is innervated by the medial pectoral nerve
63
Q

What are the features of the serratus anterior?

A
  • under armpit/ side area
  • innervated by the long thoracic nerve
  • pulls scapulae forwards and attaches to medial scapular border
64
Q

What does the levator scapulae do?

A

lifts the scapulae

innervation= dorsal scapular nerve

65
Q

Where does the humerus sit?

A

in the glenoid fossa

1/3rd touches at any one time

66
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • supraspinatus (greater tuberosity)
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis (lesser tuberosity)
67
Q

What actions do the rotator cuff muscles perform?

A
  • Teres and infra laterally rotate the humerus
  • sub medially rotates humerus
  • supra does the first bit of abduction before the deltoid does the rest
68
Q

What is in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
  • brachialis
  • innervation is the musculocutaneous nerve
  • flexion of arm and forearm
69
Q

What is in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • triceps brachii
  • innervation is the radial nerve
  • extension of the arm and forearm
70
Q

What is in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • superficial: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris (put four fingers on forearm with numb under)
  • intermediate: FDS
  • deep: flexor pollicus longus, flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus
71
Q

What is in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • superficial: brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, anconeus, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi
  • deep: supinator, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis
72
Q

Why is the supinator clinically important?

A

there is a branch of the radial nerve inside which can be damaged which is detrimental to the muscles of the forearm

73
Q

What is in the thenar eminence?

A
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • opponens pollici
  • innervation is recurrent branch of medial nerve
74
Q

What is in the hypothenar eminence?

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • opponens digiti minimi
  • innervation is deep branch of ulnar nerve
75
Q

What do the lumbricals do?

A
  • attached to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus

- do fingers in post-box

76
Q

What do the interossei do?

A
  • dorsal do abduction of the fingers (DAB)

- palmar do adduction of the fingers (PAD)

77
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

anterior rami of C5-T1

78
Q

What are the sections of the brachial plexus from proximal to distal?

A
  • Roots
  • Trunks
  • Divisions
  • Cords
  • Nerves
    Really tired drink coffee now
79
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed of?

A

flexor retinaculum

carpals

80
Q

What is the clinical picture of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • compression of the median nerve
  • thenar weakness
  • numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral digit 4
81
Q

What are the divisions of the vertebrae?

A

33

  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 fused sacral
  • 4 fused coccygeal
82
Q

Which are the main atypical vertebrae?

A
  • C1 has no body
  • C2 has a dens attached to the body
  • C7 is non-bifid and there are small foramina transveraria
83
Q

What is the first palpable vertebrae?

A

C7

84
Q

What are the parts of intervertebral discs?

A
  • outer annulus fibrosus

- inner nucleus pulposus

85
Q

What are the features of facet joints?

A
  • synovial
  • allow for rotation
  • horizontal in cervical spine
  • vertical down lumbar spine
86
Q

What is spondylosis?

A
  • spinal OA
  • loss of water content due to ageing
  • pain is worse with extension of the spine
  • fusion can be done if the affected area is small
87
Q

Where are the most common disc problems?

A

between L4 and L5

between L5 and S1

88
Q

What is a disc tear?

A

the outer annulus fibrosus tears

there will be worse pain on coughing

89
Q

Where does the cauda equina begin?

A

around L1 and it runs through the intervertebral foramena

90
Q

How do the transversing and exiting nerves work?

A
  • exiting nerve root runs under the pedicle of the corresponding vertebra
  • transversing nerve root is anterior and prepares to become the next exiting nerve root more distally
91
Q

What is sciatica?

A

nerve pain along sensory distribution of sciatic nerve (L4,5,S1)
the pain goes below the knee
it is burning, electric or shooting

92
Q

What is neurogenic claudication?

A

pain on walking
relieved by rest
easier to walk uphill
burning pain

93
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

osteophytes compress backwards onto spinal cord

can lead to neurogenic claudication

94
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome?

A
  • pressure on cauda equina
  • loss of bowel and bladder control
  • saddle anaesthesia
  • loss of anal tone
  • bilateral symptoms
  • do PR and MRI
95
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles?

A

iliocostalis, longissimus thoracis and spinalis thoracis

96
Q

What are the ligaments of the spine?

A
  • interspinous
  • supraspinous
  • longitudinal
  • ligamentum flavum
97
Q

What is a chance fracture?

A

disruption of the posterior ligaments of the spine

98
Q

What is the level of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

goes down posterior leg

99
Q

What is the level of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-4

100
Q

What is the level of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

S1-3

sensory supply to the posterior thigh

101
Q

What is lumbar puncture?

A

taking CSF from the L3/4 space

My MSK (13 decks)

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