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Opthamology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection of the cornea?

A

Keratitis

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2
Q

What is infection of the entire globe?

A

Endophthalmitis

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3
Q

What organisms can cause conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis

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4
Q

What are conjunctivitis causes at other ages?

A

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza (esp. in children)

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5
Q

How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Swab
Topical antibiotics
Drops vs ointments

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6
Q

When should you avoid chloramphenicol?

A

History of aplastic anamia or allergy

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7
Q

What are viral causes of conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus
Herpes simplex
herpes zoster

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8
Q

What are signs of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Chronic history
unresponsive to treatment
symptoms of urethritis and vaginitis

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9
Q

What is involved in Hutchison & Robinson sign?

A

Tip of the nose

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10
Q

What is a hypopyon?

A

A greeny yellow dot in the eye

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11
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial keratitis?

A

Admission for hourly drops
Daily review
Assoc. with corneal pathology or contact lens wear

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12
Q

What are viral causes of karatitis?

A

Herpes

Adenovirus

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13
Q

Describe herpetic karatitis

A

Painful
Recurrent
Reduced corneal sensation
steroids can cause corneal melt and perforation

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14
Q

Describe adenovirus keratitis

A 
Bilateral
Follows URTI
Contagious
Topical AB to prevent secondary infection
May affect vision
Can give steroids
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15
Q

What are fungal causes of karatitis?

A

Acanthamoeba

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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16
Q

Describe fungal karatits

A

More idolent than bacterial
History of trauma from vegetation
Long time to heal

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17
Q

Describe orbital cellulitis

A 
Painful - esp on eye movement
Assoc. paranasal sinisitus 
Pyrexial
Sight threatening
cared by ENT and optha
CT scan for orbital abscesses
18
Q

Where does orbital cellulitis extend from?

A

Directly from sinus
From focal orbital infection
Post operative

19
Q

What organisms can cause cellulitis?

A 
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Coliforms
Haemophilus influenzae
anaerobes
20
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

infection inside the eye
very painful with decreased vision
red eye
post surgical or endogenous

21
Q

What is the most common cause of endophthalmitis?

A

Staph epidermidis

22
Q

What is used to treat endophthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin

Topical antibiotics

23
Q

What organisms cause chorioretinitis?

A

CMV in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara canis (worm)

24
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A 
Protozoan infection 
flu-like
if immunosuppressed, cysts may form
IgG
Can reactivate
25
Q

Describe toxocara

A

Parasitic nemotode
affects cats/dogs
cant replicate in humans
Form granulomas which can cause irreversible visual loss

26
Q

How do you diagnose an eye infection?

A 
Swabs
Corneal scrapping
aqueous/vitreous for culture
microscopy/culture
serology
27
Q

What 3 things can broad antibiotics do?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

28
Q

Describe chloramphenicol

A

ointment/drops
inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme
Bacteriocidal for strep/heamophilus
Bacteriostatic for staph

29
Q

What side effect can chloramphenicol?

A

Grey baby syndrome

30
Q

What AB inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins have common B lactam ring

31
Q

What AB inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones e.g.ofloxacin

inhibit DNA gyrase

32
Q

What antiviral inhibits viral DNA synthesis?

A

Aciclovir
Antivirals used for dendritic ulcers of corneas
Dont give steroids

33
Q

How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol
Fusidic acid
Gentamicin

34
Q

What does chloramphenicol treat against?

A

Bacteria except pseudomonas aeruginosa

35
Q

What does fusidic acid treat against?

A

staph aureus

36
Q

What does gentamicin treat against?

A

Gram negative bacteria including coliforms, pseudomonas aeruginosa

37
Q

What is used to treat chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

topical oxytetracycline

adults may beed oral azithromycin

38
Q

What is used to treat bacterial keratitis?

A

A 4-quinolone (Ofloxacin)

Gentamicin and cefuroxime

39
Q

What does A 4-quinolone (Olfoxacin) treat against?

A

Gram negative bacteria but not strep pneumoniae

40
Q

What does Gentamicin and cefuroxime act against?

A

gram positive and gram negative organisms when used together

Opthamology (12 decks)

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