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Opthamology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones and features of the bony orbit?

A 
Orbital frontal plate
Orbital ethmoid plate
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Infraorbital
Supraorbital notch/foramen
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2
Q

What shape is the bony orbit?

A

Pyramidal shape

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3
Q

What makes up the external eyelid?

A

Orbicularis oculi

Orbital and palpebral parts

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4
Q

What is the apex?

A

Where the optic canal is

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5
Q

Where is the optic canal?

A

Medially placed

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6
Q

Where does the vasculature pass through? ?

A

Maxillary

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7
Q

What sits beneath the external layer of the eye?

A

Orbital septum

Sheet of fascia - Helps prevent infection spread

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8
Q

What glands sit above and below the eye?

A

Tarsal glands

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9
Q

What do tarsal glands secrete?

A

Lipids

Lacrimal fluid

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10
Q

What muscle attaches to the superior tarsus?

A

Levator palpebrae superiolis

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11
Q

What ligaments pull the tarsus to the side to give it its shape?

A

Lateral/medial palpebral ligament

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12
Q

What covers the iris?

A

Cornea

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13
Q

What is a limbus?

A

A corneoscleral junction

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14
Q

What covers the sclera?

A

Conjunctiva

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15
Q

What is the pink/orangey bit at the corners of the eye?

A

Lacrimal lake

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16
Q

Where do tears pass into?

A

a Puncta (openings)

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17
Q

What provides the eye with nourishment?

A

Conjunctival vessels

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18
Q

What is the conjunctival fornix?

A

Where the conjuctiva over the lower eyelid and over the sclera meet

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19
Q

What does the lacrimal gland secrete and what supplies it?

A

lacrimal fluid

CN VII parasym

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20
Q

Where do tears drain to?

A

Canaliculi and lacrimal sac, down a nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus (nose)

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21
Q

What is the coloured part of the eye?

A

The iris

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22
Q

What is the pupil?

A

a hole

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23
Q

What are corneal reflections?

A

Light reflections

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24
Q

Does the cornea have a greater curvature?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What makes up the 2 parts of the fibrous outer layer of the eye?

A

Sclera - musslce attachment

Cornea - 2/3 refractive power

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26
Q

What makes up the uvea (vascular layer of the eye)

A

iris - pupil diameter
ciliary body - controls iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour
Choroid - nutrition and gas exchange

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27
Q

What is refractive power?

A

Ability to focus light

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28
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye?

A

Retina

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29
Q

What is the anterior segment if the eye?

A

Anterior chamber is between cornea and iris, contains aqueous humour
Posterior chamber is between iris and suspensory ligaments, contains aqueous humour

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30
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye?

A

behind lens, 2/3rds of eye
contains vitreous body which has vitreous humour.
Vitreous body is a common location for floaters

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31
Q

What is a clouding of the lens?

A

Cataract

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32
Q

Where is aqueous circulated?

A

Ciliary body
then posterior chamber - nourishes lens
passes through pupils
then reabsorbed into sclera venous sinus

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33
Q

What angle is involved with glaucoma?

A

angle between the Iris and the cornea

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34
Q

What can cause ishaemia of the retina?

A

Raised intra-ocular pressure

Can be caused by increased fluid level in the eye

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35
Q

What makes up the retina?

A

Fundus:-
Optic disc
Macula
Fovea

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36
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Point of CN 2 formation
Only point of entry/exit for vessels
Blind spot

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37
Q

What is the macula?

A

Greatest density of cons

38
Q

What is the fovea?

A

centre of the macula
Depression, diameter of 1.5mm
area of most acute vision

39
Q

How do you look at the back of the eye?

A

Fundoscopy

40
Q

What causes monocular blindness?

A

Complete interruption of flow of the central artery (end artery) or vein

41
Q

Are the optic canal and the optic disc closely anatomically related?

A

Yes

42
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A

Post to Anterior:

  1. Photoreceptors
  2. ganglion cells
  3. axons of the ganglia
43
Q

Where do the retinal veins/arteries lie in relation to the retina?

A

Anteriorly

44
Q

Where do objects in the right visual field go to be processed?

A

Left primary visual cortext

45
Q

Where do the vision pathways cross?

A

The optic chiasma

46
Q

What is the Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

Part of the visual pathway in the thalamus

47
Q

What is the main blood supply of the eye?

A

Opthalmic artery branch of the internal carotid artery

48
Q

Where does the opthalmic artery pass through?

A

Optic canal

49
Q

What is the problem with the retinal artery?

A

It is an end artery

50
Q

Where does the inferior opthalmic vein mainly drain into?

A

Superior opthalmic vein

51
Q

Where does the orbit drain into?

A

Facial vein (valveless vein)

52
Q

How many extraocular skeletal muscles are there?

A

7

53
Q

What are the 4 rectus muscles?

A

Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral rectus

54
Q

Where do the rectus muscle originate from and attach to?

A

Common tendinous rung to the sclera

55
Q

What are the two oblique muscles?

A

Superior

Inferior oblique

56
Q

Where do the oblique muscles insert into?

A

Sclera

57
Q

What does the levator palpebrea superioris do?

A

Lifts the upper eyelid

58
Q

What innervates the lateral rectus?

A

CN VI Abducents

59
Q

What innervates the superior oblique?

A

CN IV Trochlear

60
Q

What innervates the other muscles of the eye?

A

CN III Oculomotor

61
Q

What eye movements are along the vertical axis?

A

Abduction/adduction

Direction of gaze

62
Q

What eye movements are along the transverse axis?

A

elevation/depression

direction of gaze

63
Q

What eye movements are along the anteroposterior axis?

A

Introsion/extrosion

superior pole of the eyeball

64
Q

Where is the apex of orbit?

A

Medially placed

Different from optical axis

65
Q

What eye muscles don’t have secondary movements?

A

Medial and lateral rectus

66
Q

Where do the secondary movements occur?

A

From the primary position

67
Q

How do you check the nerve supply of the eye?

A

Do eye movements one by one

68
Q

What does the lateral rectus do?

A

Abduct the eyeball only

- CN VI - abducents

69
Q

What does the superior rectus do?

A

elevate the eyeball only when the eyeball is abducted

CN III - oculomotor

70
Q

What does the inferior rectus do?

A

Depress the eye when the they eye is in abduction

CN III - oculomotor

71
Q

What does the medial rectus do?

A

Adduct the eye

CN III 0 oculomotor

72
Q

What does the inferior oblique do?

A

Elevates the eyeball only when the eye is in adduction

CN III oculomotor

73
Q

What does the superior oblique do?

A

Depresses the eye only when the eye is in adduction

CN IV trochlear

74
Q

What gives pure elevation of the eyes?

A

Superior rectus and inferior oblique

They are antagonists - act against each other to lift the eye

75
Q

What gives pure depression?

A

Superior oblique and inferior rectus

Antagonists as they work together to lower the eye

76
Q

Where does the eyeball sit?

A

The suspensory ligament of the eye

77
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision

78
Q

Where does the suspensory ligament of the eye attach to?

A

Zygoma laterally

79
Q

What can result from damage to the infraorbital canal?

A

General sensory deficit of the facial skin

80
Q

Where does the zygoma rotate when fractured?

A

Medially towards the floor of the orbit

81
Q

What does CN V1 supply

(opthalmic) general sensory of skin

A

upper eyelid
cornea
conjuctiva

82
Q

What does CN V2 supply? (maxillary) general sensory of skin

A

lower eyelid
maxila
ala of nose

83
Q

What does CN V3 supply? (mandibular)

general sensory of skin

A

mandible
temperomandibular joint
except angle of the mandible supplied by C2 C3 spinal nerves

84
Q

What is the corneal reflex?

A

Blink reflex

85
Q

What is the afferent limb of the relfex?

A

Sensory

86
Q

What is the efferent limb of the reflex?

A

Motor

87
Q

Where are action potentials conducted in the corneal reflex?

A

Centrally via CN V1 to the trigeminal ganglion then in CN V to the pons

88
Q

Where are action potentials conducted peripherally in the corneal reflex?

A

In CN VII to the eyelid and orbicularis oculi

89
Q

What does the presynaptic axon release?

A

Acetylcholine at the synapse

90
Q

What does the postsynaptic axon release?

A

Noradrenaline at the organ to stimulate the organ

91
Q

What cranial nerves contain presynaptic axons?

A

3,7,9,10

Opthamology (12 decks)

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