Microbio Week 4

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

Organism survives habitat through process of gradual adjustment of genetics, anatomy and physiology

Question 2

Nutrient

Answer 2

Chemical compounds organisms obtain from outside the cell in order to sustain life

Question 3

Biomolecules

Answer 3

Nucleic Acids
Carbs
Protein

Question 4

Microbial molecule makeup

Answer 4

30% dry weight
70% water

Question 5

How do Humans get Nitrogen?

Answer 5

Through organic compounds

Question 6

How do these organic compounds get Nitrogen?

Answer 6

Nitrogen Fixation

Question 7

Nitrogen Fixation

Answer 7

organisms take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it to ammonia.

Also known as “fix”

Performed by T. Erythraeum
and
Rhizobium

Question 8

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 8

1. Ammonification
   N2 converted to Ammonium (NH4+) by nitrogen fixing bacteria
2. Assimilation
   Release of NH4+ during decomposition and/or being ingested
3. Nitrification (produces Nitrates)
   Done by Chemoautotrophs who get energy from oxidizing organic compounds
4. Denitrification (anaerobic respiration)
   In the absence of O2 use nitrates as final e- acceptor

Question 9

Energy source of nutrients

Answer 9

Sun and Oxidizing Substances

Sun = Phototrophs

Oxidizing Substances = Chemo (chemicals) and Lithotrophs (Rock)

Question 10

Carbon source of nutrients

Answer 10

Inorganic Carbon sources= Autotrophs

Organic Carbon sources = Heterotrophs

Question 11

What molecules can pass through the Semi permeable PL bilayer

Answer 11

Small nonpolar
small noncharged

Question 12

What molecules cannot pass through the Semi permeable PL bilayer

Answer 12

Large Polar Molecules
Ionized molecules

Question 13

passive transport

Answer 13

Transport that does not require Energy

Question 14

Diffusion

Answer 14

Movement of molecules from high conc to low conc

Question 15

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

Use of transmembrane protein to allow substances to move down the conc gradient

Question 16

Osmosis

Answer 16

Movement of water across cell membrane

(water is small, polar and easily passes through PL bilayer)

Question 17

Hypotonic

Answer 17

The concentration of water inside the cell is low (due to high solute) so water moves into the cell

Cells without cell wall: Cells will expand as they fill with water

Cells with cell wall: Cells will expand to a limited capacity due to the cell wall

Question 18

Isotonic

Answer 18

Movement of H20 is net zero due to their being relative equal conc of water both inside and outside the cell (same with solute)

Cells with both cell walls and no cell walls:
Cells will remain the same size

Question 19

Hypertonic

Answer 19

The concentration of water inside the cell is high (due to low solute) so water moves out of the cell.

Cells without cell walls:
Cell will shrink and so will the Cell membrane

Cells with cell walls:
Cells won’t shrink due to cell wall. Instead the cell membrane and cell contents will shrink within the cell walls.

Question 20

Adaptations to osmotic pressures

Answer 20

Depending on the environment microbes will use adaptations

Cell walls: Protects against too much water

Vacuoles: In microbes that lack a cell wall, vacuoles play an important role in storing and evacuating water

Question 21

Halophiles

Answer 21

Bacteria + archaea that can grow in extremely high salt environments.

Question 22

Active Transport

Answer 22

Use energy by cell to transport nutrients

Membrane proteins (pumps and permeases)

ATP is converted to ADP

Transport of nutrients faster than diffusion alone
or AGAINST diffusion gradient

Question 23

Pumps and Permeases

Answer 23

Specific membrane bound transporter proteins that allow essential solutes to traverse the cell membrane.

Question 24

Endocytosis

Answer 24

The taking in of a molecule by a cell by invagination of it’s membrane to form a vacuole

Question 25

Exocytosis

Answer 25

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane