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Microbio 101 > Exam 2 review > Flashcards

Exam 2 review Flashcards

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1
Q

Effect of pH on microbial growth?

A

H+ conc. in cell —-> most microbes prefer neutral pH = 6-8 (neutrophiles)

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2
Q

Effect of pressure on microbial growth?

A

Atmospheric pressure is the most common at (1 atm)

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3
Q

Oxygen effects on microbial growth

A

Oxygen serves as the terminal e- acceptor for the Electron Transport Chain

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4
Q

Obligate vs Facultative

A

Must vs May

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5
Q

Aerobe

A

Likes Oxygen

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6
Q

Anaerobe

A

Hates Oxygen

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7
Q

Temp. effects on microbial growth?

A

Each individual species has an optimal (cardinal) temperature for growth.

*Proteins are susceptible to high + low temps

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8
Q

Denature

A

Fall apart or break up

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9
Q

Mesophile

A

Likes Human Body temp level temperatures

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10
Q

Thermophile

A

Likes slightly warmer temps

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11
Q

Extreme Thermophile

A

Likes extremely warm temps

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12
Q

Planktonic growth

A

Cell grows individually in liquid

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13
Q

Biofilm

A

Cell growing in slimy group

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14
Q

Will an antibiotic be more effective against a biofilm or a planktonic growth?

A

It will be more effective against planktonic growth because it is easier to penetrate

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15
Q

Quorum sensing

A

cell to cell communication

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16
Q

Autoinducer

A

Chemical signal used for bacteria to communicate

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17
Q

Symbiotic

A

A relationship between two or more organisms

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18
Q

Parasitic

A

One organism called the PARASITE receives nutritional or other advantages at the expense of the HOST.

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19
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the interaction

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20
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and the other is not harmed or benefits

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21
Q

Amensalism

A

One species actively harms or produces a compound to inhibit growth of another species

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical workings of cell that generate of harness energy through the thousands of cellular biochemical reactions

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23
Q

Anabolic/endergonic

A

Reactions that consume energy (Synthesis of large Biomolecules)
Energy + A + B —–> AB

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24
Q

Catabolic/exergonic

A

Some reactions release energy (Breakdown large Biomolecules into smaller parts)
X + Y —> XY + energy

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25
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown large Biomolecules into smaller parts. Releases energy

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26
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of large Biomolecules. Requires input of energy.

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27
Q

What changes covalent bonds on one or more substrates in biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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28
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein that catalyze most of the chemical reactions of life
*Lower Ea
* increase rxn rate
*Not altered or consumed during the rxn

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29
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant molecules in which enzymes act upon

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30
Q

Active site

A

Where the enzyme binds to the substrate

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31
Q

Induced fit

A

enzyme correctly orients itself to change the bonds

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32
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Reaction that produces ATP by transfer of a Pi to ADP from a substrate

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33
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport linked to phosphorylation

34
Q

electron carrier molecules

A

Much of the work of electron capture and transport in metabolic pathways falls to molecules with enhanced affinity for electrons that readily accept electrons from one substrate and donate them to another substrate
- NAD+ FAD2+ NADP+

35
Q

What molecule is the source of electrons in photosynthesis

A

H20 by NADPH

36
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6H20 –(Sun)—> Glucose (C6H1206) + 6O2
1.) Energy from sun is absorbed which causes water to split due to photolysis (gives off O2). This energy released drives photophosphorylation which synthesizes ATP and NADPH.

2.) At the same time C02 is taken in which is fixed into glucose (uses ATP from photophosphorylation).

37
Q

1.) Glycolysis (fermentation) or fermentor

A

Overview:
1 glucose + 2 ATP + NAD+ —–> 2 3-Carbon Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH —-> Net + 2 ATP

*NAD+ used and converted to NADH
*Occurs in Cytoplasm for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
*no o2 is needed
*UNIVERSAL FOR ALL LIFE!!

38
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of e-

39
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of e-

40
Q

2.) Krebs cycle

A

Overview:
1 acetyl coA –> 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 (1 turn)
Goes through 2 turns so 2x products
6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2

*Uses both NAD+ and FAD+
*Takes place in Mitochondria (Eukaryotes), and in the cytoplasm/cell membrane (prokaryotes)
*Substrate level phosphorylation

41
Q

3.) Electron Transport Chain

A

*Electron Carrier molecules NADh and FADH2 are oxidized and the transport proteins are reduced
*series of redox reactions in the ETP that pump H+ in which a hydrogen ion gradient forms
*H+ diffuse down conc. gradient through ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to ATP
*NET RESULT IS OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - THE PROD. OF ATP THROUGH REDOX RXNS

Produces:
*34 ATP and 6H20

Location:
Eukaryotes—> Mitochondria
Prokaryotes–>Cell membrane and cytoplasm

42
Q

Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. ETC
43
Q

Chemioosmosis

A

high conc. of H+ flowing down its conc. gradient to low conc.

44
Q

Proton-motive force

A

H+ ion gradient, H+ ions flow though ATP synthase to ADP + P —> ATP

45
Q

ATP

A

A high energy and universal compound for managing energy

Generated through:
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

46
Q

NADH = ?ATP

A

3

47
Q

FADH2 = ?ATP

A

2

48
Q

Final e- acceptor for aerobes

A

O2

49
Q

Transition step

A

The inbetween for glycolysis and the krebs cycle
Pyruvate converted to acetyl coA

Produces:
2 acetyl coA
2 NADH
2 CO2

50
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC —-> O2 is final e- acceptor

51
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, respiratory chain —-> O2 is not the final e- acceptor

52
Q

Fermentation

A

Glycolysis, organic compounds are the final e- acceptors

*DONE IN THE ABSENCE OF O2

53
Q

Infection

A

A microbe that invades a human or other organism & causes illness or disease

54
Q

Ways for Eukaryotes to reproduce?

A

Asexually (mitosis)
Sexually (meiosis)

55
Q

Ways for Prokaryotes to reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

56
Q

Binary fission

A

1.) Parent cell duplicates chromosomal DNA
2.) Chromosomes separate
3.) Septum forms and causes the cells to separate
4.) Daughter cells form

57
Q

What maximizes the rate of population growth?

A

Optimization of growth conditions

58
Q

Generation Time

A

Time required to go through the complete fission cycle “Birth of Daughter cells” —–> Birth of next daughter cells

59
Q

Formula for generation time

A

G = t/n
Growth = Time per gen / number of gen

60
Q

Exponential growth

A

Growth that doubles each generation

61
Q

Formula for predicting pop size over time

A

Nf = (Ni)*2^n

62
Q

Lag phase

A

“flat” period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth

63
Q

Exponential growth phase

A

A period of max growth when cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment

64
Q

Stationary phase

A

rate of growth equals the rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and O2 excretion of organic acids and pollutants

65
Q

Death phase

A

As limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially, rate of death exceeds the rate of growth.

66
Q

Blood culture test

A

The patient blood sample was used to inoculate rich liquid media that support the growth of bacteria, then incubated 24-48 hrs to check for growth

67
Q

Results from Blood culture test

A

Specimens from the patient’s blood sample look like the growth of bacteria from a patient blood sample

68
Q

Gameplan

A

Use of different streak plating as a first pass to ID bacteria (selective and/or differential media) and to obtain isolated colonies so that additional tests can be performed.

69
Q

What kind of plating is used on agar media plates?

A

Streak

70
Q

Colony

A

A group of individual cells

71
Q

Blood Agar

A

Rich medium containing 5% sheep blood that can differentiate bacteria based on their hemolytic properties

72
Q

Types of hemolysis

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

73
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

Partial destruction
Light colored green around colonies

74
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

Total destruction
clear zones around colonies

75
Q

Gamma hemolysis

A

No damage
No changing on the plate

76
Q

Magnification

A

The extent of image enlargement

77
Q

Light Microscopy

A

Simple technique
Visible light wavelength 400 nm - 750 nm
Between 40x - 2000x

78
Q

Total magnification

A

Ocular lens x Objective lens

79
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

5000x and 1000000x magnification
electrons passing through an object as a beam
very expensive

80
Q

Kirby Bauer diffusion assay

A

Discs of different antibiotics or medicine are placed on a plate with a control (water). If a zone of inhibition develops then the antibiotic is effective.

Microbio 101 (8 decks)

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