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Microbio 101 > Exam 3 review > Flashcards

Exam 3 review Flashcards

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1
Q

Fomite(s)

A

Any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents can transfer disease to a new host

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2
Q

Boiling Heat Method

A

Exposure of materials in boiling water for 30+ minutes will kill most non spore forming pathogens

How does it act upon the Microbe:
Denatures proteins and alters cell membrane

*Will quickly recontaminate items as soon as removed from boiling water

Used in:
Drinking, making ice, making jello, brushing teeth, giving pet water to drink

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3
Q

Filtration

A

Physical control method

Strain fluid or air through a porous membrane to physically remove microbes

How does it act upon the microbe:
Physical separation, not destroying the microbe

Used in:
Filters in HEPA that provide a flow of sterile air to hospital rooms and sterile rooms

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4
Q

Microbial control Methods

A
  1. Physical (Heat - Dry vs Moist, Filtration, Desiccation, Radiation, Cold)
  2. Chemical
    -Chemotherapeutic Drugs (Antibiotics in Ch. 12)
    -Biocides (Halogens, Phenolics, Alkylating Agents, Alcohols, Peroxygens, surfactants, Heavy Metals)
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5
Q

Microbial control Methods

A
  1. Physical (Heat - Dry vs Moist, Filtration, Desiccation, Radiation, Cold)
  2. Chemical
    -Chemotherapeutic Drugs (Antibiotics in Ch. 12)
    -Biocides (Halogens, Phenolics, Alkylating Agents, Alcohols, Peroxygens, surfactants, Heavy Metals)
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6
Q

Contaminant

A

Microbes present that are undesirable or unwanted

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7
Q

Resistance of microbes

A

Highest resistance (Prions and Bacterial endospores)

Moderate resistance (Protozoan Cysts, naked viruses, Bacteria with no endospores but resistant walls)

Least resistance (Most bacterial vegetative cells, fungal spores and hyphae, Protozoan trophozoites, Enveloped viruses, Yeasts)

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8
Q

Anthrax spores

A

It forms a protective layer called endospore by which it can remain inactive for many years and, under suitable environmental conditions, can revive and become infective. Because of endospore resistance, Anthrax spores are a bioterroism agent.

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9
Q

Endospore formation

A
  1. Vegetative cell that is metabolically active and growing
  2. Certain environmental conditions trigger
  3. Sporulating cell forms
  4. Mature endospore forms
  5. Endospore breaks dormancy and revitalizes cell in a process called germination
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10
Q

Microbial death is defined as…

A

Loss of reproductive capacity

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11
Q

Microbial death value

A

Describes the effectiveness of a particular agent or process often plotted as semilog functions

The amount of time it takes for a protocol to diminish the microbe is called the D value

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12
Q

Disinfection

A

Process or agent that destroys most microbes

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13
Q

Sterilization

A

All microbes are killed

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14
Q

Antisepsis

A

The use of chemicals on skin or human tissues to inhibit or eliminate microbial growth, but is NOT equal to sterilization
(safe and non toxic to humans)

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15
Q

Sanitization

A

Cleansing technique to remove debris, soil, toxins and in the process prevent future growth of microbes

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16
Q

Static

A

Stasis or same

Halts the growth but doesn’t kill

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17
Q

Cidal

A

Carcass still there

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18
Q

Lytic

A

Break open or explode, carcasses no longer there

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19
Q

Germ + icide = Germicide

A

An agent that kills pathogenic or “Germ” microorganisms. Can be used on nonliving materials or on living tissue.

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20
Q

Which is more effective Moist or Dry heat?

A

Moist heat

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21
Q

Pastuerization

A

The use of elevated heat for a long time (more than 30 min) to reduce microbial loan and destroy pathogens, followed by rapid cooling to minimize damage to food or liquid

Mode of Action:
Denatures proteins and alters cell membrane

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22
Q

Autoclaves

A

An enclosed metal chamber with an airtight door and racks to hold materials. Uses a combination of high pressure and high steam temps to sterilize objects

Mode of action:
Denatures and alters cell membrane

*Sporicidal

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23
Q

Incineration

A

Use of a flame or electric heating coil to ignite and reduce microbes to ashes and gas

Mode of action:
Destroy by burning

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24
Q

Ovens

A

Heated to 180 C for 2 to 4 hours

Mode of Action:
Dehydration (water loss), denatures protein and alters membranes

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25
Q

Food poisoning

A

Disease caused by ingesting contaminated food

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26
Q

Food Intoxication

A

Exoproducts produced by microbes caused disease

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27
Q

Food Infection

A

Microbe itself cause disease (Salmonella)

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28
Q

Cold

A

Put sample or item in refrigerator or in freezer

Mode of Action:
Inhibits metabolism (slows or arrests cell division), freezing may lyse cells

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29
Q

Dessication.

A

Dry out the sample (use a salt or heat)

Mode of action: Water is essential for metabolism and survival

*Not effective and not sporicidal

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30
Q

Radiation

A

Defined as the energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space.

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31
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them

Mode of action:
Strong enough to pass into the cell where it alters molecular structures and damages cell components. Introduces double-stranded breaks in DNA.

*High penetrating power but sporicidal

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32
Q

Non Ionizing radiation

A

Shine or expose the sample with UV or Sunlight.

Mode of Action:
Introduces thymine dimers leading to DNA mutations.

*Low penetrating power but sporicidal

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33
Q

Halogens

A

Cheap and effective disinfectants and antiseptics because they are microbicidal and not just micro bistatic.

Mode of action:
Oxidation and breaks down proteins, damages DNA, RNA and fatty acids.

Ex:
Used in Surgeries or other procedures requiring a sterile environment.

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34
Q

Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)

A

Wipe down lab benches and surfaces

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35
Q

Phenolics

A

Phenol consists of a benzene ring with an OH (hydroxyl) group

Mode of Action:
Inhibit microbial growth by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes.

*Low to intermediate effectiveness (Not sporicidal)
*Can cause irritations on skin and possible toxicity of phenolics makes them a questionable choice as antiseptics

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36
Q

Alcohols

A

Mode of Action:
Work by rapidly denaturing proteins (which inhibits cell metabolism) and by disrupting membranes (which leads to cell lysis)

*Not sporicidal, dry quickly and may cause skin irritation because it dehydrates the skin
*Safe as antiseptic

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37
Q

Aldehydes

A

An organic compound containing Aldehyde functional groups
H-C-O
Mode of action:
Kill by alkylating protein and DNA

38
Q

Peroxygens

A

Compounds containing an oxygen-oxygen bond
Mode of Action:
Produce highly reactive hydroxyl free radicals that damage protein and DNA while also decomposing to O2 gas- toxic to anaerobes.

*Antiseptic at low conc. and strong solutions are sporicidal

39
Q

Gases-Ethylene oxide (ETO)

A

Processing inanimate substances with chemical vapors, gases and aerosols provide a versatile alternative to heat or liquid chemicals

Ex:
Sterilize and disinfect plastics and prepackaged devices, foods

*Sporicidal but take several hours and have damaging side effects

40
Q

Soaps and detergents

A

Polar molecules, and surfactants, mechanically remove soil and grease-containing microbes.

Mode of Action:
Surfactants insert in the lipid bilayer and disrupt it to create abnormal channels that alter permeability and cause leakages.

Used in sanitization
*Weak micro biocide and not sporicidal

41
Q

preservatives

A

edible, nontoxic to humans

Mode of action: Often weak acids (vinegar) that disrupt membrane functions, also solutes like salt and sugars that produce conditions of high osmolarity

42
Q

Microbial load

A

the number of microbes

43
Q

Genetics

A

The study of genes and genomes, and their role in the biology of an organism

44
Q

Genome

A

Instructions or blueprint for cell to survive different environmental conditions

45
Q

Genotype

A

The specific sequence of DNA bases encoded into the genome

46
Q

Phenotype

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

47
Q

Gene

A

units that makeup the genome

48
Q

DNA

A

contains a deoxyribose sugar and base pairs ACGT

49
Q

RNA

A

contains a ribose sugar and base pairs ACGU

50
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that synthesized new DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction

51
Q

Replication

A
  1. Initiation at the origin
  2. Replisome copies DNA strand
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination of replication
  5. Separation
52
Q

Leading strand

A

goes in a straight shot when copying

53
Q

Lagging strand

A

goes in short segments that are later ligated together using an enzyme called ligase

54
Q

Gene expression

A

Transcribing the DNA into SSRNA

55
Q

Template strand

A

part of the DNA genome that is transcribed sigma factors (proteins) brings RNA polymerase to the correct promoter

56
Q

messenger RNA

A

A transcribed version of a structural gene or genes in DNA, copy of the DNA gene but in RNA

57
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

Contributes to the structure and function of ribosomes: reading the mRNA code, facilitating its interaction with tRNA and producing proteins

58
Q

transfer RNA

A

Responsible for recognizing the correct codon and bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation

59
Q

Anticodon

A

binds to the codon

60
Q

Shine-Dalgarno site

A

Ribosome binding site

61
Q

Operons

A

Multiple genes encoded on one mRNA transcript

62
Q

Base triplet

A

3 bases

63
Q

Codon

A

Base triple 1 codon for 1 amino acid. There is degeneracy of the code

64
Q

Retrovirus genetics

A

Undergoes reverse transcription. Starts with endocytosis and ends with assembly and release

65
Q

Oncogene

A

Gene that has the potential to cause cancer

66
Q

Gene regulation

A

general control, processes, ensure protein/genes are expressed when needed

67
Q

Negative regulation

A

Turn off expression, makes less of gene product

68
Q

Positive regulation

A

Turn on gene expression, makes more of gene product

69
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer by viral delivery

70
Q

Conjugation

A

Plasmid transfer

71
Q

Transformation

A

cell takes on extracellular genetic material

72
Q

recombination

A

rearrangement of DNA sequence during replication

73
Q

Mutation

A

Change in “wild type” or normal chromosomal genome composition

74
Q

Wild type

A

Found in most organisms and is considered the “normal” sequence

75
Q

Missense

A

Causes a different amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

76
Q

silent

A

A change in the DNA sequence codon that still results in the same protein

77
Q

nonsense

A

Converts a codon to a stop codon resulting in a premature termination of protein synthesis

78
Q

Insertion

A

Addition of a letter into a sequence (Frameshift mutation)

79
Q

Deletion

A

Removal of a letter which causes a change in the sequence (Frameshift mutation)

80
Q

Linezolid

A

Binds 50s large subunit to prevent translation initiation complex formation

81
Q

retrovirus

A

any of a family of RNA viruses that have an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) capable of making a complementary DNA copy of the viral RNA, which then is integrated into a host cell’s DNA

82
Q

Chemotherapeutic drug

A

Any chemical used in the treatment, relief or prophylaxis of a disease.

83
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Use of a drug to prevent the potential for infection in a person at risk.
EX: dental cleanings or vaccine

84
Q

Antimicrobial Therapy

A

The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

85
Q

Antimicrobials

A

All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug regardless or its origin

86
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

87
Q

Natural productd

A

Compound or substrate produced by a living organism

88
Q

Semisynthetic drugs

A

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources.

89
Q

Synthetic drugs

A

Antimicrobial compounds synthesized entirely in the laboratory through chemical reactions

90
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types; for example, a drug effective mainly on gram-positive bacteria

91
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Antimicrobials are effective against a wide variety of microbial types; for example, a drug effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

92
Q

Mechanism of action for Penicillin

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Subunits produced by peptidoglycan in the cytoplasm are added to the cell wall which inhibits cell wall synthesis

Microbio 101 (8 decks)

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