Microbio Week 3 Flashcards
Extremophiles
Evolved to survive early earth conditions
Ex of extremophiles
Hyperthermophiles
methanogens
Halophiles
Acidophiles
Sulfur reducers
Are Archaea more related to Eukaryotes or Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic Theory
- Nucleus Forms from membrane forming around genetic material
- Archeon engulfs ancient bacteria
- They merge and coevolve due to having a shared benefit
- Ultimately one can’t survive without the other (engulfed archeon forms mitochondria)
- Photosynthetic bacteria engulfed and develop into modern chloroplasts
Parts of a Eukaryote
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
ribosomes
mitochondria
Lysosome
Golgi body
Nucleus
Encloses genetic Info
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein Production and secretion
Cell Membrane
PL bilayer and semi permeable
Cytoplasm
Waterbased gell like solvent
Cytoskeleton
Structural Support
Ribosomes
Protein Prod
Mitochondria
Energy Prod
Lysosome
Vacuole water
storage of material
Golgi Body
Packaging and secretion of proteins “Fed Ex”
Pathway of secretion
Nucleus —> R ER —> Golgi —-> Vesicles —> Secrete
Fungi
Have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin and/or cellulose
live off dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats
Algae
Varied contain sugars, cellulose, pectins
All algae have chroloplasts
Most are free living in fresh and marine water
Protozoans
Lack a cell wall
Unicellular but can be very large with highly specialized organelles for feeding locomotion, and reproduction
Eukaryotes have what shape of DNA
Linear
Prokaryotes have what shape of DNA
Small circular
Similarities v Differences Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Similarities: dsDNA, genes in the genome
Differences: Prokaryotes have circular smaller DNA than Eukaryotes, Eukaryotes require histones to compact their genome
Chromosome formation
- Nucleotide sequence encodes genes
- Nucleosomes assist compacting
- Histone proteins help DNA compact
- Tight Coils called chromatids. Two chromatids form a chromosome
Ribosomal Differences
All ribosomes:
2 subunits large and small containing both rRNA and ribosomal proteins
small subunit monitors
large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation
Euk: 80S
Pro: 70s
Hyphae
Hairlike Structure
parasite
An organism that lives in/on a host and derives things (ex nutrients) from host
All viruses are blank. Some but not all are human blank
Parasitic and pathogens
Obligate Intracelluar Parasite
Must invade host cell to make more plus release more viruses
Components of non-enveloped virus
Nucleocapsid
Capside (proteins)
Genetic Material
Components of non-enveloped virus
Nucleocapsid
Capside (proteins)
Genetic Material
Components of enveloped virus
Envelope (made from host cell membrane)
Spike proteins
genome
capsid
Viral species
Distinct virus types that share a collection of properties such as host range, pathogenicity and genetic makeup
Animal Virus Multiplication
- Adsorption
- Penetration
- Release of uncoating viral genome
- Synthesis
- Assembly
- Release
Latent phase/ disease
Usually little to no symptoms of a disease, but the person is still infected with a virus
Vaccines
Artificial immunity, trains our immune system to recognize virus and prevent future infections
Why drug development is challenging
- Simple virus structure (hard to hit chemical bullseye)
- Hide in host cell (Drug needs to also target host)
- Population size increases fast (Easy for just one to evade host immune system and/ or treatment
