microbial planet Flashcards
microbe
free living organism so small that its visible under microscope
microbe characteristics
Abundant, source of all life forms, diverse, grows everywhere there is water, transforms geosphere, essential to life and climate, cause disease, influence behavior
human use of microbes
chemical activities for industrial stuff, engineering vaccines, enhancing food, evil intent, pcr
small cell allows for
better chemical exchange (faster growth) due to better surface area to volume ratio
small cell disadvantage
easy predation
microbes time on earth
3.8 billion years
how microbes contributes to a habitable planet
recycling elements, digest cellulose, food chain, nitrogen cycle, production of rocks
Robert Hooke
(1665) discovered and named cell
Anton van leeuwenhoek
(1673-1723) described/saw live organisms
cell theory
all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from cells
spontaneous generation
(19th century) living organism come from nonliving matter via a life force. ex: moist soils will “grow” toads
biogenesis
living organisms come from preexisting life
Louis Pasteur
-(1861) disproved spontaneous generation with broth experiment
-yeast responsible for fermentation
- pasteurization
-made anthrax, rabbies, fowl cholera vaccines
- help develop germ theory
fermentation
anaerobic conversation of sugar to alcohol
pasteurization
Heat blast something briefly to kill bacteria and prevent spoilage
germ theory of disease
Microorganisms cause disease and food spoilage
Semmelweis
advocated hand washing to prevent disease (puerperal fever)
Lister
used chemical disinfectants to prevent infections
aseptic technique
prevents contamination
koch proved
specific microbes cause specific diseases
kochs postulates
- suspected pathogen is present in all cases of a disease
- the pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
- cells from culture must infect a healthy animal
- the pathogen can be reisolated and the the same as original
first person credited with vaccination
Edward Jenner- first person to write it down- cowpox to protect from smallpox
immunity
protection by vaccination or recovery
Chemotherapy
chemicals for treatment
synthetic drugs
“true” chemicals
antibiotics
chemicals produced by organisms that inhibit or kill other microbes- hopefully more harmful to target than to the host
first synthetic drug
Quinine- from tree bark to treat malaria
Ehrlich
1910- developed synthetic arsenic drug (Salvarsan) to treat syphilis
Fleming
(1928) discovered first antibiotics by accident, penicillin
Sulfonamides
(1930) “sulfa drugs,” are a group of medicines used to treat bacterial infections
pathogenic
disease causing
human microbiota assist with
- maintain good health
– prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
– train the immune system to discriminate
threats
human microbiota
-group of microbes that live
stably on/in the human body
-40 billions cells
Normal microbiota
collection of acquired microorganisms on/in a healthy human
transient microbiota
colonize the superficial layers of the skin fleetingly
prebiotics
feed the existing microbiome
probiotics
add to microbiome
3 domains of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
archaea characteristics
“cell wall”, extreme bacteria, prokaryotic, non pathogenic, unicellular,DNA
eukarya characteristics
membrane bound organelles, might have a cell wall,
Ex. algae, fungi, protozoans, plants
prions
misfolded protein, acellular, lack RNA and DNA
virusis
acellular, RNA or DNA, enveloped or non enveloped, parasite
bacteria features
unicellular, prokaryotes, DNA, cell wall (peptidoglycan), usally nonpathogenic, auto/heterotrophic, antibiotic susceptibility,
protist
unicellular, eukaryotic, DNA, classified on locomotion methods, a/sexual reproduction, heterotrophic
algae
photosynthetic, uni/multicell, eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, some pathogenic, not infectious,
fungi features
eukaryotic, heterotrophic, budding reproduction, chitin cell wall, uni/multcellular
helminths
multicell parasites, eukaryotic, macroscopic, DNA, heterotrophic
7 groups of microbes from smallest to largest
Virus (0.02 micrometers)
Archea (0.1 micrometers)
Algae (0.2 micrometers)
Bacteria (0.5 micrometers)
Protozoa (1 micrometers)
Fungi (2 micrometers)
Multicellular animal parasite
salvarsan
synthetic arsenic drug, treated syphilis, Ehrlich
