Microbial Diseases Of The Cardiovascular System Pt. 2 Flashcards
What is the appearance of urine with blackwater fever?
Dark due to lots of RBCs
Why is blackwater fever so severe?
Fatal within 24 hours
What is the genus of pathogens responsible for malaria?
Plasmodium (4 species)
What pathogen is responsible for the mild form of malaria?
Plasmodium ovale
What pathogen is responsible for most commonly causing malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
What pathogen is responsible for causing the more serious form of malaria?
Plasmodium malariae
What pathogen causes the most severe form of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the vector for malaria?
Mosquitos
Malaria is endemic in what locations?
Subtropics and tropics
How many children die from malaria?
One child per minute
What genetic trait has been seen to provide protection against malaria?
Sickle hemoglobin trait (seen in sickle cell patients)
How is malaria diagnosed?
Plasmodium seen in blood
How can malaria be prevented?
Preventative anti-protozoan medication several weeks before and after travel
Protection against mosquitos like repellent, netting, etc.
Toxoplasmosis is most severe in what groups of people?
AIDS patients and fetuses
When is toxoplasmosis most dangerous to a fetus?
During first trimester
How can toxoplasmosis affect AIDS patients?
Spastic paralysis, blindness, myocarditis, encephalitis, death
How can toxoplasmosis kill a fetus?
Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth
How can toxoplasmosis affect a baby if it survives while in the womb?
Epilepsy, mental retardation, microcephaly, blindness, anemia, retinal inflammation, jaundice
How can toxoplasmosis be transmitted?
Consuming undercooked, contaminated meat (especially pork, lamb, and venison)
Ingesting or inhalation of contaminated feces
Why is toxoplasmosis dangerous for fetuses?
Can cross placenta
What pathogen is responsible for toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
What is the definitive host of toxoplasmosis?
Cats
What are the swellings at the locations of bites in Chagas’ disease called?
Chagomas
What pathogen is responsible for Chagas’ disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
What is unique about the chronic stage of Chagas’ disease?
Asymptomatic
Why is congestive heart failure possible in the symptomatic phase of Chagas’ disease?
Pseudocyst development in heart muscle tissue
How is Chagas’ disease transmitted?
Bite of true bugs (kissing bugs)
Where is Chagas disease endemic?
Central and South America
How can Chagas’ disease be treated?
Early stages with medication
Late stages untreatable
The word filariasis should be linked to what kind of pathogen?
Helminth (worms)
What is unique about the onset of lymphatic filariasis?
Asymptomatic for maybe years (usually up to 17 years)
Where does the worm involved with lymphatic filariasis reside during the day?
In capillaries of internal organs
Where does the worm involved with lymphatic filariasis reside during the night?
Swims freely in the bloodstream which coincides with the feeding habits of mosquitos
What condition can result from chronic lymphatic damage?
Elephantiasis
What is elephantiasis?
Edema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues
What is the pathogen responsible for lymphatic filariasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial nematode) roundworm
What is the vector for lymphatic filariasis?
Mosquitos
Where is lymphatic filariasis endemic?
Subtropical regions and tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Pacific Island nations
How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?
Presence of microfilaria in blood
How is lymphatic filariasis treated?
Antihelminthic medications
What is another name for schistosomiasis?
Bilharzia or snail fever
What kind of itch is seen act the infection site of schistosomiasis?
Swimmer’s itch
When entered into the blood, what can result with schistosomiasis?
Cirrhosis of the lungs and liver
When trematodes deposit eggs throughout the body with schistosomiasis, what can result?
Inflammation that blocks veins in bladder, intestines, or liver
What pathogens are responsible for schistosomiasis?
Schistosoma species (mansoni, haemotobium, japonicum)
How is schistosomiasis transmitted?
Through the contact with contaminated water
Where are most cases of schistosomiasis seen?
Africa (not at all in the U.S. but is endemic in 76 countries)
What is the severe form of malaria called?
Blackwater fever
What are the signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?
Severe sore throat and fever at first, followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, enlargement of spleen (50%), anorexia
What is the pathogen responsible for infectious mononucleosis?
Human Herpes Virus-4 (HHV-4) aka Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
How is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?
Via saliva
What condition is also known as the “kissing disease”?
Infectious mononucleosis
What other diseases are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
What autoimmune conditions does the Epstein-Barr virus create a greater risk for?
Lupus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis
How is infectious mononucleosis diagnosed?
Presence of large, lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia in blood
What is the treatment and prevention for infectious mononucleosis?
No specific treatment, just medication for symptoms
Prevention is difficult due to widespread infection
What are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?
Usually asymptomatic
When does cytomegalovirus tend to be symptomatic?
In fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients
What is the pathogen responsible for cytomegalovirus?
Human Herpes Virus-5 (HHV-5) aka cytomegalovirus (CMV)
How is cytomegalovirus USUALLY transmitted?
Via sexual intercourse (but overall through bodily secretions…examples = utero exposure, vaginal birth)
When symptomatic, what are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?
Birth defects, mono-like symptoms, eye infections
What is the treatment for the eye infections acquired from cytomegalovirus?
Fomiversen
What are the three stages of yellow fever?
- fever, headache, muscle aches
- period of remission
- jaundice, delirium, seizures, coma, hemorrhaging
What is the term for when blood in seen in the vomit of yellow fever?
“Black vomit”
What pathogen is responsible for yellow fever?
Yellow fever virus (an arbovirus)
How is yellow fever transmitted?
Via mosquito
Where do yellow fever cases occur?
South America and Africa
Diagnosis of yellow fever usually relies on what specific information?
History of travel to endemic regions
What is another name for dengue fever?
“Break-bone fever”
What are the two phases of dengue fever?
- fever, edema, head and muscle pain
2. return of fever and rash
What occurs with dengue hemorrhagic fever, making it more severe than regular dengue fever?
Internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death
What pathogens are responsible for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4
What is the vector involved with dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Aedes mosquitos
In 80% of cases, what are the symptoms of dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever like?
Asymptomatic of mild
How frequent do dengue cases result in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Less than 5%
Can dengue be treated?
No.
What are the signs and symptoms of ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Fever, fatigue, minor petechiae that leads to severe internal hemorrhaging under the skin and from every body opening
What pathogens can cause ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus
What threats are associated with ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Category A bioterrorist threat, BSL-4
Where do ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever typically occur?
Africa
How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever transmitted?
Reservoir and mode of transmission to humans are unknown
How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever spread person to person?
By contaminated body fluids and syringes
What is the treatment for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
What is the fatality rate for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
90% of human victims die
What are the signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?
Severe sore throat and fever at first, followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, enlargement of spleen (50%), anorexia
What is the pathogen responsible for infectious mononucleosis?
Human Herpes Virus-4 (HHV-4) aka Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
How is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?
Via saliva
What condition is also known as the “kissing disease”?
Infectious mononucleosis
What other diseases are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
What autoimmune conditions does the Epstein-Barr virus create a greater risk for?
Lupus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis
How is infectious mononucleosis diagnosed?
Presence of large, lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia in blood
What is the treatment and prevention for infectious mononucleosis?
No specific treatment, just medication for symptoms
Prevention is difficult due to widespread infection
What are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?
Usually asymptomatic
When does cytomegalovirus tend to be symptomatic?
In fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients
What is the pathogen responsible for cytomegalovirus?
Human Herpes Virus-5 (HHV-5) aka cytomegalovirus (CMV)
How is cytomegalovirus USUALLY transmitted?
Via sexual intercourse (but overall through bodily secretions…examples = utero exposure, vaginal birth)
When symptomatic, what are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?
Birth defects, mono-like symptoms, eye infections
What is the treatment for the eye infections acquired from cytomegalovirus?
Fomiversen
What are the three stages of yellow fever?
- fever, headache, muscle aches
- period of remission
- jaundice, delirium, seizures, coma, hemorrhaging
What is the term for when blood in seen in the vomit of yellow fever?
“Black vomit”
What pathogen is responsible for yellow fever?
Yellow fever virus (an arbovirus)
How is yellow fever transmitted?
Via mosquito
Where do yellow fever cases occur?
South America and Africa
Diagnosis of yellow fever usually relies on what specific information?
History of travel to endemic regions
What is another name for dengue fever?
“Break-bone fever”
What are the two phases of dengue fever?
- fever, edema, head and muscle pain
2. return of fever and rash
What occurs with dengue hemorrhagic fever, making it more severe than regular dengue fever?
Internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death
What pathogens are responsible for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4
What is the vector involved with dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Aedes mosquitos
In 80% of cases, what are the symptoms of dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever like?
Asymptomatic or mild
How frequent do dengue cases result in dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Less than 5%
Can dengue be treated?
No.
What are the signs and symptoms of ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Fever, fatigue, minor petechiae that leads to severe internal hemorrhaging under the skin and from every body opening
What pathogens can cause ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus
What threats are associated with ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever
Category A bioterrorist threat, BSL-4
Where do ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever typically occur?
Africa
How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever transmitted?
Reservoir and mode of transmission to humans are unknown
How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever spread person to person?
By contaminated body fluids and syringes
What is the treatment for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
What is the fatality rate for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
90% of human victims die
