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Microbiology Exam Two > Microbial Diseases Of The Cardiovascular System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases Of The Cardiovascular System Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the appearance of urine with blackwater fever?

A

Dark due to lots of RBCs

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2
Q

Why is blackwater fever so severe?

A

Fatal within 24 hours

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3
Q

What is the genus of pathogens responsible for malaria?

A

Plasmodium (4 species)

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4
Q

What pathogen is responsible for the mild form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium ovale

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5
Q

What pathogen is responsible for most commonly causing malaria?

A

Plasmodium vivax

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6
Q

What pathogen is responsible for causing the more serious form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium malariae

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7
Q

What pathogen causes the most severe form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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8
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Mosquitos

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9
Q

Malaria is endemic in what locations?

A

Subtropics and tropics

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10
Q

How many children die from malaria?

A

One child per minute

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11
Q

What genetic trait has been seen to provide protection against malaria?

A

Sickle hemoglobin trait (seen in sickle cell patients)

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12
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Plasmodium seen in blood

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13
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

Preventative anti-protozoan medication several weeks before and after travel
Protection against mosquitos like repellent, netting, etc.

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14
Q

Toxoplasmosis is most severe in what groups of people?

A

AIDS patients and fetuses

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15
Q

When is toxoplasmosis most dangerous to a fetus?

A

During first trimester

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16
Q

How can toxoplasmosis affect AIDS patients?

A

Spastic paralysis, blindness, myocarditis, encephalitis, death

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17
Q

How can toxoplasmosis kill a fetus?

A

Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth

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18
Q

How can toxoplasmosis affect a baby if it survives while in the womb?

A

Epilepsy, mental retardation, microcephaly, blindness, anemia, retinal inflammation, jaundice

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19
Q

How can toxoplasmosis be transmitted?

A

Consuming undercooked, contaminated meat (especially pork, lamb, and venison)
Ingesting or inhalation of contaminated feces

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20
Q

Why is toxoplasmosis dangerous for fetuses?

A

Can cross placenta

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21
Q

What pathogen is responsible for toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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22
Q

What is the definitive host of toxoplasmosis?

A

Cats

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23
Q

What are the swellings at the locations of bites in Chagas’ disease called?

A

Chagomas

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24
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Chagas’ disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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25
Q

What is unique about the chronic stage of Chagas’ disease?

A

Asymptomatic

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26
Q

Why is congestive heart failure possible in the symptomatic phase of Chagas’ disease?

A

Pseudocyst development in heart muscle tissue

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27
Q

How is Chagas’ disease transmitted?

A

Bite of true bugs (kissing bugs)

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28
Q

Where is Chagas disease endemic?

A

Central and South America

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29
Q

How can Chagas’ disease be treated?

A

Early stages with medication

Late stages untreatable

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30
Q

The word filariasis should be linked to what kind of pathogen?

A

Helminth (worms)

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31
Q

What is unique about the onset of lymphatic filariasis?

A

Asymptomatic for maybe years (usually up to 17 years)

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32
Q

Where does the worm involved with lymphatic filariasis reside during the day?

A

In capillaries of internal organs

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33
Q

Where does the worm involved with lymphatic filariasis reside during the night?

A

Swims freely in the bloodstream which coincides with the feeding habits of mosquitos

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34
Q

What condition can result from chronic lymphatic damage?

A

Elephantiasis

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35
Q

What is elephantiasis?

A

Edema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues

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36
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for lymphatic filariasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial nematode) roundworm

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37
Q

What is the vector for lymphatic filariasis?

A

Mosquitos

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38
Q

Where is lymphatic filariasis endemic?

A

Subtropical regions and tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Pacific Island nations

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39
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?

A

Presence of microfilaria in blood

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40
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis treated?

A

Antihelminthic medications

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41
Q

What is another name for schistosomiasis?

A

Bilharzia or snail fever

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42
Q

What kind of itch is seen act the infection site of schistosomiasis?

A

Swimmer’s itch

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43
Q

When entered into the blood, what can result with schistosomiasis?

A

Cirrhosis of the lungs and liver

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44
Q

When trematodes deposit eggs throughout the body with schistosomiasis, what can result?

A

Inflammation that blocks veins in bladder, intestines, or liver

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45
Q

What pathogens are responsible for schistosomiasis?

A

Schistosoma species (mansoni, haemotobium, japonicum)

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46
Q

How is schistosomiasis transmitted?

A

Through the contact with contaminated water

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47
Q

Where are most cases of schistosomiasis seen?

A

Africa (not at all in the U.S. but is endemic in 76 countries)

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48
Q

What is the severe form of malaria called?

A

Blackwater fever

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49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

A

Severe sore throat and fever at first, followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, enlargement of spleen (50%), anorexia

50
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for infectious mononucleosis?

A

Human Herpes Virus-4 (HHV-4) aka Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

51
Q

How is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?

A

Via saliva

52
Q

What condition is also known as the “kissing disease”?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

53
Q

What other diseases are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

54
Q

What autoimmune conditions does the Epstein-Barr virus create a greater risk for?

A

Lupus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis

55
Q

How is infectious mononucleosis diagnosed?

A

Presence of large, lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia in blood

56
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for infectious mononucleosis?

A

No specific treatment, just medication for symptoms

Prevention is difficult due to widespread infection

57
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

A

Usually asymptomatic

58
Q

When does cytomegalovirus tend to be symptomatic?

A

In fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients

59
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for cytomegalovirus?

A

Human Herpes Virus-5 (HHV-5) aka cytomegalovirus (CMV)

60
Q

How is cytomegalovirus USUALLY transmitted?

A

Via sexual intercourse (but overall through bodily secretions…examples = utero exposure, vaginal birth)

61
Q

When symptomatic, what are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

A

Birth defects, mono-like symptoms, eye infections

62
Q

What is the treatment for the eye infections acquired from cytomegalovirus?

A

Fomiversen

63
Q

What are the three stages of yellow fever?

A
  1. fever, headache, muscle aches
  2. period of remission
  3. jaundice, delirium, seizures, coma, hemorrhaging
64
Q

What is the term for when blood in seen in the vomit of yellow fever?

A

“Black vomit”

65
Q

What pathogen is responsible for yellow fever?

A

Yellow fever virus (an arbovirus)

66
Q

How is yellow fever transmitted?

A

Via mosquito

67
Q

Where do yellow fever cases occur?

A

South America and Africa

68
Q

Diagnosis of yellow fever usually relies on what specific information?

A

History of travel to endemic regions

69
Q

What is another name for dengue fever?

A

“Break-bone fever”

70
Q

What are the two phases of dengue fever?

A
  1. fever, edema, head and muscle pain

2. return of fever and rash

71
Q

What occurs with dengue hemorrhagic fever, making it more severe than regular dengue fever?

A

Internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death

72
Q

What pathogens are responsible for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4

73
Q

What is the vector involved with dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Aedes mosquitos

74
Q

In 80% of cases, what are the symptoms of dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever like?

A

Asymptomatic of mild

75
Q

How frequent do dengue cases result in dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Less than 5%

76
Q

Can dengue be treated?

A

No.

77
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Fever, fatigue, minor petechiae that leads to severe internal hemorrhaging under the skin and from every body opening

78
Q

What pathogens can cause ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus

79
Q

What threats are associated with ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Category A bioterrorist threat, BSL-4

80
Q

Where do ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever typically occur?

A

Africa

81
Q

How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever transmitted?

A

Reservoir and mode of transmission to humans are unknown

82
Q

How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever spread person to person?

A

By contaminated body fluids and syringes

83
Q

What is the treatment for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

84
Q

What is the fatality rate for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

90% of human victims die

85
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

A

Severe sore throat and fever at first, followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, enlargement of spleen (50%), anorexia

86
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for infectious mononucleosis?

A

Human Herpes Virus-4 (HHV-4) aka Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

87
Q

How is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?

A

Via saliva

88
Q

What condition is also known as the “kissing disease”?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

89
Q

What other diseases are associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

90
Q

What autoimmune conditions does the Epstein-Barr virus create a greater risk for?

A

Lupus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis

91
Q

How is infectious mononucleosis diagnosed?

A

Presence of large, lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia in blood

92
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for infectious mononucleosis?

A

No specific treatment, just medication for symptoms

Prevention is difficult due to widespread infection

93
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

A

Usually asymptomatic

94
Q

When does cytomegalovirus tend to be symptomatic?

A

In fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients

95
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for cytomegalovirus?

A

Human Herpes Virus-5 (HHV-5) aka cytomegalovirus (CMV)

96
Q

How is cytomegalovirus USUALLY transmitted?

A

Via sexual intercourse (but overall through bodily secretions…examples = utero exposure, vaginal birth)

97
Q

When symptomatic, what are the signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

A

Birth defects, mono-like symptoms, eye infections

98
Q

What is the treatment for the eye infections acquired from cytomegalovirus?

A

Fomiversen

99
Q

What are the three stages of yellow fever?

A
  1. fever, headache, muscle aches
  2. period of remission
  3. jaundice, delirium, seizures, coma, hemorrhaging
100
Q

What is the term for when blood in seen in the vomit of yellow fever?

A

“Black vomit”

101
Q

What pathogen is responsible for yellow fever?

A

Yellow fever virus (an arbovirus)

102
Q

How is yellow fever transmitted?

A

Via mosquito

103
Q

Where do yellow fever cases occur?

A

South America and Africa

104
Q

Diagnosis of yellow fever usually relies on what specific information?

A

History of travel to endemic regions

105
Q

What is another name for dengue fever?

A

“Break-bone fever”

106
Q

What are the two phases of dengue fever?

A
  1. fever, edema, head and muscle pain

2. return of fever and rash

107
Q

What occurs with dengue hemorrhagic fever, making it more severe than regular dengue fever?

A

Internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death

108
Q

What pathogens are responsible for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4

109
Q

What is the vector involved with dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Aedes mosquitos

110
Q

In 80% of cases, what are the symptoms of dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever like?

A

Asymptomatic or mild

111
Q

How frequent do dengue cases result in dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

Less than 5%

112
Q

Can dengue be treated?

A

No.

113
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Fever, fatigue, minor petechiae that leads to severe internal hemorrhaging under the skin and from every body opening

114
Q

What pathogens can cause ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus

115
Q

What threats are associated with ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever

A

Category A bioterrorist threat, BSL-4

116
Q

Where do ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever typically occur?

A

Africa

117
Q

How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever transmitted?

A

Reservoir and mode of transmission to humans are unknown

118
Q

How is ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever spread person to person?

A

By contaminated body fluids and syringes

119
Q

What is the treatment for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

120
Q

What is the fatality rate for ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?

A

90% of human victims die

Microbiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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