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Microbiology Exam Two > Microbial Diseases Of Skin And Wounds Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases Of Skin And Wounds Pt. 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the black crusty ulcers called that are seen with cutaneous anthrax?

A

Eschars

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1
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?

A

Painless, solid, raised nodule that spreads to form black crusty ulcers

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2
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for cutaneous anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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3
Q

How is cutaneous anthrax acquired?

A

Direct contact with anthrax spores usually from infected animals or animal products including wool, hair, or hides

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4
Q

What can be formed by Bacillus anthracis making them especially difficult to deal with?

A

Endospores

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5
Q

What is the treatment for Bacillus anthracis?

A

Antibiotics

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6
Q

How can cutaneous anthrax be prevented?

A

Control of disease in animals or the vaccine (given to only certain people)

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7
Q

When untreated, what is the fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax?

A

20%

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8
Q

What is the result of anthrax entering the blood with cutaneous anthrax?

A

Toxemia

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9
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of gas gangrene?

A

Extremely painful blackening of infected muscle and skin (necrosis) that produces foul-smelling, gaseous bacterial waste products as gas bubbles

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10
Q

What is the cause of death associated with gas gangrene?

A

Shock, kidney failure often within 1 week

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11
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens

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12
Q

What can the pathogen involved with gas gangrene produce making it more difficult to deal with?

A

Endospores

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13
Q

How does gas gangrene cause damage to the body?

A

Through the release of 11 toxins

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14
Q

Where does clostridium perfringens grow?

A

GI tracts of animals and humans

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15
Q

How is gas gangrene acquired?

A

Through a traumatic event enabling the endospores to enter

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16
Q

What is the mortality rate for gas gangrene?

A

40%

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17
Q

What is the treatment for gas gangrene?

A

Antitoxin, penicillin, and surgical removal of dead tissue

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18
Q

How can gas gangrene be prevented?

A

Proper cleaning of wounds

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19
Q

Why can’t most poxviruses infect humans?

A

They can’t attach to human cells

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20
Q

Molluscum contagiosum and orf are what kind of disease?

A

Viral diseases of poxviruses

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21
Q

What are the characteristic signs of diseases of poxviruses?

A

Lesions

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22
Q

Is chickenpox caused by a poxvirus?

A

NO (technically by a herpes virus)

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23
Q

What is the first stage of a characteristic lesion involved with pox viruses?

A

Macule

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24
Q

What is the second stage of a characteristic lesion involved with pox viruses?

A

Papule

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25
Q

What is the third stage of a characteristic lesion involved with pox viruses?

A

Vesicle (full of fluid)

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26
Q

What is the fourth stage of a characteristic lesion involved with pox viruses?

A

Pustule (pus-filled)

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27
Q

What is the fifth stage of a characteristic lesion involved with pox viruses?

A

Crust

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28
Q

What is the sixth and final stage of a characteristic lesion involved with pox viruses?

A

Scar

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29
Q

When does a person with smallpox no longer become contagious?

A

When the very last scab falls off

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30
Q

What can result from smallpox blisters being formed around the eyes?

A

Blindness

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31
Q

What are the initial signs and symptoms of smallpox?

A

Fever, fatigue, headache, occasional vomiting

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32
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for smallpox? What is its alternate name?

A

Smallpox virus (Orthopoxvirus) aka variola virus

33
Q

How is smallpox transmitted?

A

Inhalation of virus

34
Q

What is the treatment for smallpox?

A

Immediate vaccination

35
Q

What is the #1 category A bioterrorist threat?

A

Smallpox

36
Q

When was smallpox vaccination discontinued?

A

1972 in the US, 1980s worldwide

37
Q

What pox viral disease is considered an emerging disease currently?

A

Monkeypox

38
Q

Monkeypox is a disease among what animals?

A

Rodents

39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of molluscum cantagiosum?

A

Raised, pearl-like waxy papules (viral warts) typically on the face, trunk, and external genitalia

40
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for molluscum contagiosum?

A

Molluscum contagiosum virus (molluscipoxvirus)

41
Q

Molluscum contagiosum is most common among what group of people?

A

Children (1-10 years), sexually active individuals, and AIDS patients

42
Q

Is molluscum contagiosum considered an STD?

A

No

43
Q

What is the treatment for molluscum contagiosum?

A

People with normal immunity heal without treatment in about 9 months

44
Q

Can molluscum contagiosum be prevented by condoms?

A

Not necessarily due to possibility of higher lesions

45
Q

What does the word “herpes” mean in Greek?

A

To creep

46
Q

What are the signs and symptoms with herpes infections?

A

Slow-spreading lesions

47
Q

What is the condition called that is oral herpes?

A

Herpes Labialis

48
Q

What is the condition called that is herpes of the finger?

A

Herpetic Whitlow

49
Q

What is the general term for the condition where herpes that can occur anywhere?

A

Herpes Gladitorium

50
Q

About how many people with herpes infections experience recurrences as a result of a latent virus?

A

2/3

51
Q

Where do herpes viruses typically go to remain latent?

A

Trigeminal, brachial, sacral, or other ganglia

52
Q

What are common triggers for deactivation of herpes infections?

A

Immune suppression situations like stress, trauma, illness, sunlight, menstruation, disease, or fever

53
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for herpes infections?

A

Human Herpes viruses 1 and 2

54
Q

Which herpes virus is generally associated with “above the waist herpes”?

A

Human Herpesvirus 1

55
Q

Which herpes virus is usually associated with “below the waist herpes”?

A

Human Herpesvirus 2

56
Q

Is a herpes lesion location 100% indicative of the viral type?

A

No; there can be crossover

57
Q

How are herpes infections spread?

A

Direct contact with lesions

58
Q

How long do people possess herpes infections?

A

Lifelong

59
Q

What is the treatment for herpes lesions?

A

Antiviral medications are used for control not to cure it

60
Q

What is used to make the diagnosis of herpes infections?

A

Characteristic lesions

61
Q

What is the medication used to treat herpes lesions?

A

Valtrex

62
Q

What is the site of latency of the herpes virus causing general coldsores?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

63
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox?

A

Rash that turns into itchy, fluid-filled blisters that eventually turn into scabs

64
Q

What is the other name for chickenpox?

A

Varicella

65
Q

What is the usual pathway of the formation of blisters with chickenpox?

A

Usually starts on the back and trunk then spreads across body

66
Q

What are the signs of shingles?

A

Painful rash on one side of the face or body (unilateral)

67
Q

What is unique about the pattern of the rash associated with shingles?

A

Localized to skin along an infected nerve (dermatomal distribution)

68
Q

What is the other name for shingles?

A

Herpes zoster

69
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for both shingles and chickenpox?

A

Human herpesvirus 3 aka varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

70
Q

Where does the virus that causes shingles and chickenpox stay while it is dormant?

A

Dorsal nerve root ganglia

71
Q

What is the frequency for those who have had chickenpox to get shingles?

A

15% will get shingles

72
Q

Chickenpox mostly occurs among what age group?

A

Children

73
Q

Chickenpox is more serious when acquired during what phase of life?

A

Adulthood

74
Q

What is the usual age of onset for shingles?

A

Over 50

75
Q

What is the relationship between shingles risk and age?

A

Risk of shingles increases with age

76
Q

About how many people over the age of 85 end up experiencing shingles at some point?

A

1/2

77
Q

What is used to diagnose both shingles and chickenpox?

A

Characteristic lesions

78
Q

What is the treatment for shingles of chickenpox?

A

Based on relief of symptoms

79
Q

When is someone at risk for acquiring chickenpox from someone who has shingles?

A

If the person is unvaccinated and has never had chickenpox

80
Q

How can shingles or chickenpox be prevented?

A

Vaccines are available that can create an immunity boost against the diseases

81
Q

What is postherpetic neuralgia?

A

Pain that persists after a month or longer after the onset of shingles

Microbiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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