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Microbiology Exam Two > Microbial Diseases Of Nervous System & Eyes Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases Of Nervous System & Eyes Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two ways in which bacteria can cause nervous system disease?

A

Infect cells of the nervous system

Bacteria grow elsewhere and release toxins that affect neurons

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2
Q

In what way do meningitis and leprosy cause nervous system disease?

A

By directly infecting the cells of the nervous system

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3
Q

In what way do botulism and tetanus cause nervous system disease?

A

By releasing toxins elsewhere that affect neurons

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?

A

Headache and stiffness associated with fever, confusion, altered consciousness, vomiting, photophobia or phonophobia

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5
Q

When meningitis occurs, what can it lead to?

A

Encephalitis which could lead to coma and/or death

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6
Q

What are the five species that cause 90% of all bacterial meningitis cases?

A

Neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae B, listeria monocytogenes, streptococcus agalactiae

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7
Q

What pathogen is most commonly responsible for meningitis in babies less than three months old (newborns)?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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8
Q

How is haemophilus influenzae B transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

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9
Q

What pathogen most commonly causes meningitis among children under the age of 5?

A

Haemophilus influenzae B

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10
Q

What pathogen is known as the “pneumococcus”?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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11
Q

Does haemophilus influenzae B cause the flu?

A

Noooo; the flu is caused by a virus

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12
Q

How is streptococcus pneumoniae transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets or opportunistic

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13
Q

What is the pathogen most likely to cause meningitis in adults?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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14
Q

How is listeria monocytogenes transmitted?

A

In contaminated food

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15
Q

Where is streptococcus pneumoniae found normally?

A

Throat of 75% of humans

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16
Q

Listeria monocytogenes most commonly causes meningitis among what populations?

A

Elderly, babies, and pregnant women

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17
Q

Meningitis caused by listeria monocytogenes is most dangerous among which population?

A

Pregnant women

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18
Q

What pathogen is known as the meningococcus?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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19
Q

What pathogen is the only one that causes a purple rash developed from meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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20
Q

What is the most common age group for those with meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis?

A

Under 20 (college kids)

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21
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

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22
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed?

A

Based on symptoms and culturing of bacteria from CSF by spinal tap

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23
Q

How is meningitis treated?

A

IV antibiotics

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24
Q

Which causes of meningitis have vaccines developed against them?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (PCV), haemophilus influenzae B (Hib), neisseria meningitidis (MCV)

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25
Q

What is the other name for leprosy?

A

Hansen’s disease

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26
Q

What are signs and symptoms of leprosy?

A

Skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness

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27
Q

What kind of leprosy is more likely to be seen among one with a strong immune system?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy

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28
Q

What type of leprosy is more likely to be seen with someone with a weaker immune system?

A

Lepromatous leprosy

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29
Q

Which type of leprosy involves regions of lost sensation of skin as a result of nerve damage?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy

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30
Q

Which type of leprosy involves progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits, and other body structures over a long time period?

A

Lepromatous leprosy

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31
Q

Do most people die who get leprosy?

A

No

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32
Q

What is the causative agent for leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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33
Q

How is leprosy transmitted?

A

Person to person contact or breaks in the skin

34
Q

Leprosy can also be acquired from consuming or handling what animal?

A

Armadillo

35
Q

What are the three forms of botulism?

A

Foodborne, infant, and wound botulism

36
Q

What is the causative agent for botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinium

37
Q

Why is Clostridium botulinum dangerous?

A

Produces 7 neurotoxins and also endospores

38
Q

What is the mechanism used by the clostridium botulinum toxins to inflict damage?

A

They bind irreversibly to normal neuronal cytoplasmic membranes, preventing muscular contractions, resulting in flaccid paralysis

39
Q

Foodborne botulism usually appears in 1-2 days following the consumption of what foods?

A

Home-canned foods or preserved fish

40
Q

Progressive paralysis from botulism eventually affects what organ that can result in death?

A

Diaphragm

41
Q

How can death by asphyxiation result from foodborne botulism?

A

Inability to inhale due to diaphragmatic paralysis

42
Q

What is the frequency of foodborne botulism?

A

25 cases per year in the US

43
Q

Is full recovery possible from foodborne botulism?

A

Yes but slowly over time to regrow neurons

44
Q

What is the frequency of infant botulism?

A

100 cases per year in the US

45
Q

What food should not be given to infants less than 1 year old due to the possible presence of the endospores of Clostridium botulinium?

A

Honey

46
Q

What are the symptoms for infant botulism?

A

Failure to thrive, crying, constipation, “floppy baby syndrome”

47
Q

“Floppy baby syndrome” involving flaccid paralysis is a good indicator of what bacterial disease?

A

Infant botulism

48
Q

Which type of botulism does NOT involve any GI system involvement?

A

Wound botulism

49
Q

How does a person get wound botulism?

A

Contamination of a wound by endospores

50
Q

What is the treatment for botulism?

A

Repeated washing of GI tract to remove Clostridium, antitoxins, microbial drugs used in infant botulism cases

51
Q

How can botulism be prevented?

A

Proper canning of food, not giving honey or corn syrup to infants under 1 year old

52
Q

What is the other name for tetanus?

A

Lockjaw

53
Q

What is one of the earliest signs of tetanus?

A

Tightening of neck and jaw muscles

54
Q

What sign of tetanus usually follows lockjaw?

A

Smiling spasm (risus sardonicus)

55
Q

Which is associated with severe spasms: botulism or tetanus?

A

Tetanus

56
Q

Death resulting from the inability to inhale is associated with which condition: botulism or tetanus?

A

Botulism

57
Q

Death resulting from the inability to exhale is associated with which condition: tetanus or botulism?

A

Tetanus

58
Q

How is the cardiovascular system affected by tetanus?

A

Heartbeat irregularities, fluctuations in blood pressure

59
Q

What is the causative agent for tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

60
Q

What condition inhibits the body’s usual function of reciprocal inhibition of musculature due to recurrent body spasms?

A

Tetanus

61
Q

What is the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanospasmin

62
Q

How is tetanus acquired?

A

Through break in the skin or mucous membrane

63
Q

Is tetanus caused by rust?

A

No

64
Q

What type of environment does Clostridium tetani particularly like?

A

Rust

65
Q

When untreated, what is the mortality rate for tetanus?

A

50%

66
Q

What is the frequency for neonatal tetanus mortality?

A

90%

67
Q

What is the most common way that neonates acquire tetanus?

A

Infected umbilical stump (especially when cut when a non-sterile instrument)

68
Q

What determines the incubation period of Clostridium tetani?

A

Distance of infection from CNS (example: slow incubation period if infected foot region)

69
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A

Thoroughly clean wound to remove endospores, antitoxins, active immunization (tetanus toxoid), antibiotics

70
Q

How is tetanus prevented?

A

Tetanus vaccine (booster every ten years)

71
Q

The highest tetanus mortality rates are among what populations?

A

Unvaccinated and people over 60 years of age

72
Q

Can viruses or bacteria more readily cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Viruses

73
Q

What occurs more frequently: viral, bacterial, or fungal infections?

A

Viral

74
Q

Which form of meningitis is usually the most mild when it comes to symptoms?

A

Viral meningitis

75
Q

What kind of meningitis is also known as aseptic meningitis?

A

Viral meningitis

76
Q

90% of viral meningitis case are caused by viruses in what genus?

A

Enterovirus

77
Q

What other viruses are known to be able to cause viral meningitis?

A

Mumps, measles, influenza viruses and HHV 1, 2, 3, and 4

78
Q

What is the most common form of meningitis?

A

Viral meningitis

79
Q

How is viral meningitis transmitted?

A

Via respiratory droplets and feces

80
Q

How is viral meningitis diagnosed?

A

Based on symptoms and absence of bacteria in the CSF

81
Q

What is the treatment for viral meningitis?

A

There isn’t treatment, but patients resolve within about two weeks

82
Q

How can pathogens enter the CNS (a normally axenic environment)?

A

Breaks in the bones/meninges
Medical procedures
Travel by peripheral neurons
Infect and kill meninges (meningitis)

Microbiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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