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Microbiology Exam Two > Microbial Diseases Of The Cardiovascular System Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases Of The Cardiovascular System Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Invasion of the bloodstream by bacteria

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2
Q

What is toxemia?

A

Toxic substances (toxins) present in the blood

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3
Q

What is viremia?

A

Invasion of the bloodstream by viruses

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4
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Lymphangitis usually travels in which direction?

A

Distal to proximal (lymph brings substance back to trunk)

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6
Q

What are the tiny capillary hemorrhages that can result from bacteremia, viremia, septicemia, or toxemia?

A

Petechiae

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7
Q

What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

Exotoxins are secreted from living microbes

Endotoxins are released from gram negative bacteria

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8
Q

What can occur following bacteremia if the bacteria invades bone?

A

Osteomyelitis

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9
Q

What kinds of people rarely have septicemia?

A

Immunocompetent

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10
Q

Infections of the cardiovascular system are usually what kind of infections?

A

Opportunistic or nosocomial

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11
Q

What kind of specific bacteria more often produce severe septicemia and why?

A

Gram negative bacteria due to the release of endotoxins from the destroyed cell wall

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12
Q

What group of people are especially at risk for cardiovascular infections?

A

Immunocompromised

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13
Q

What group of pathogens are most often involved with endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci

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14
Q

What pathogens make up the Viridans streptococci?

A

Streptococcus sanguis, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus anginosus, streptococcus bovis

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15
Q

Which of the Viridian streptococci is most common?

A

S. mutans

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16
Q

What other pathogens besides the Viridans streptococci can be the causes of endocarditis?

A

Staph. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, E. coli

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17
Q

What type of patients have an increased risk for endocarditis?

A

Those with abnormal hearts

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Rheumatic fever/heart disease?

A

Joint inflammation, small nodules or hard round bumps under the skin, neuromuscular changes, fever, weight loss, fatigue, stomach pains

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19
Q

What pathogen is responsible for Rheumatic fever/heart disease?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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20
Q

What condition is seen 1-5 weeks prior to Rheumatic Fever?

A

Strep throat (or Scarlet Fever)

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21
Q

What age group is most at risk for Rheumatic fever?

A

Children ages 5-15

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22
Q

Why is rheumatic fever less common in the U.S.?

A

We treat strep throat quickly with antibiotics

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23
Q

When damage is severe with Rheumatic fever, what issues can result?

A

Surgical valve repair or replacement

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24
Q

What is the best way to prevent Rheumatic fever?

A

Antibiotics for strep throat

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25
Q

What is another name for Brucellosis?

A

Undulant fever

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26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of brucellosis?

A

Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon chills, sweating, headache, myalgia, weight loss

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27
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for brucellosis?

A

Brucella melitensis

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28
Q

Where is brucella melitensis typically found?

A

Sheep and goats

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29
Q

What kind of bacteria is causing brucellosis and therefore, what is causing the sickness?

A

Gram negative bacteria, endotoxins

30
Q

How is brucellosis acquired?

A

Contaminated dairy products or contact with infected animal blood, urine, or placentas

31
Q

How is brucellosis treated and prevented?

A

Not usually treated (endotoxins of gram negative bacteria would only get worse), prevented by attenuated animal vaccine

32
Q

What condition is commonly known as rabbit fever?

A

Tularemia

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tularemia?

A

Skin lesions (usually mild with just this) but also swollen lymph nodes, ascending lymphangitis, fever, signs of septicemia, anorexia possibly death

34
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

35
Q

Where is the pathogen, fransicella tularensis, commonly found?

A

In rabbits

36
Q

How is tularemia transmitted?

A

Via bite of infected tick or contact with infected animal

37
Q

Why is tularemia considered a Category A bioterrorist threat?

A

Due to ease of transmissibility and high infectivity (could be genetically modified to create a potentially dangerous new illness)

38
Q

What is septicemia?

A

Systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating blood, having spread from an infection elsewhere

39
Q

What is the nickname for the bubonic plague?

A

Black Death

40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of the bubonic plague?

A

High fevers swollen painful lymph nodes, bacteremia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), subcutaneous hemorrhaging, death of tissues

41
Q

What is the name for the swollen painful lymph nodes seen with the bubonic plague?

A

Buboes

42
Q

Why is the bubonic plague referred to as Black Death?

A

Tissue necrosis turns skin dark

43
Q

What is the fatality rate of the bubonic plague if left untreated?

A

50%

44
Q

What is the fatality rate of the bubonic plague if treated?

A

5-15%

45
Q

When does pneumonic plague occur?

A

When the bacterium involved with the plague spreads to the lungs

46
Q

What is the fatality rate of pneumonic plague?

A

100% fatal if not treated within the first 24 hours

47
Q

What pathogen is responsible for the bubonic plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

48
Q

How is the bubonic plague transmitted?

A

Flea bite (vector) or by contact with infected rodent (especially rats) or flea feces

49
Q

What is the reservoir for the bubonic plauge? The vector?

A 
Rodents = reservoir
Fleas = vector
50
Q

How can pneumonic plague be transmitted?

A

Person to person via aerosols and sputum

51
Q

Why is the bubonic plague a class A bioterrorist threat?

A

Extremely virulent

52
Q

How can the bubonic plague be prevented?

A

Rodent/flea prevention and good hygiene

53
Q

What type of rash occurs at the first stage of Lyme disease?

A

Expanding red “bull’s eye” rash

54
Q

What kind of infection is Lyme disease?

A

Bacterial

55
Q

What is the most common tick borne illness?

A

Lyme disease

56
Q

What percentage of Lyme disease patients have the characteristic red “bull’s eye” rash?

A

75%

57
Q

What percent of patients with Lyme disease develop neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction?

A

10%

58
Q

Why can Lyme disease be difficult to diagnose?

A

All other symptoms other than the rash are very general and can be caused by many other conditions (rash is only seen in 75% of cases)

59
Q

What kinds of neurological issues are seen in the second stage of Lyme disease?

A

Meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy, possibly Bell’s palsy

60
Q

What is the third stage of Lyme disease?

A

Severe arthritis that can last for years

61
Q

What is the clinical term for the red rash seen with Lyme disease?

A

Erythema migrans

62
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme borreliosis)

63
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

A

Tick bite

64
Q

Why has there been an increase in Lyme disease?

A

Movement of human populations into woodland areas

Deer population protected/encouraged to feed in suburban yards

65
Q

What kind of bacterial shape is borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Spirochete

66
Q

Lyme disease is mostly localized to what locations?

A

North eastern, mid-Atlantic, and north central regions

67
Q

What characterizes relapsing fever?

A

Recurring episodes of septicemia and fever due to body’s repeated efforts to remove the spirochetes

68
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for louse-borne relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia recurrentis

69
Q

What pathogen is responsible for endemic relapsing fever?

A

Several borrelia species

70
Q

How is louse-borne relapsing fever transmitted?

A

Human body louse (lice)

71
Q

How is endemic relapsing fever transmitted?

A

Soft ticks

Microbiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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