Microbial Diseases Of Nervous System & Eyes Pt. 2 Flashcards
What are the symptoms like for minor polio?
Flu-like illness
What signs and symptoms accompany nonparalytic polio?
Muscle spasms and back pain
What is the frequency of paralytic polio?
1%
What is bulbar poliomyelitis?
Brain stem and medulla are infected, resulting in paralysis of muscles in the limbs or of respiratory muscles
What is post polio syndrome?
Crippling deterioration in the function of polio infected muscles
What is the causative agent for polio?
Poliovirus
Is polio eradicated worldwide?
No, only in the US
How is polio transmitted?
Most often by drinking contaminated water or fecal-oral route
How have we been able to almost eliminate all polio cases?
Two vaccines (IPV and OPV)
Who developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)?
Jonas Salk
Who developed the oral (live) polio vaccine (OPV)?
Albert Sabin
How long has it been since the oral (live) polio vaccine has been given in the US?
Since 2000
As of 2012, polio only remains endemic in what three countries?
Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
How is polio diagnosed?
Stool sample or swab of pharynx to find virus
What is the cure for polio?
There isn’t one as of right now
How is polio treated?
Antibiotics to prevent infections of weakened muscles, analgesics for pain, moderate exercise, nutritious diet, long-term rehabilitation
How is polio prevented?
Polio vaccine
Why is the oral vaccine no longer used in the US?
It has the potential to lead to full blown polio from a reverted virus
What are the initial signs and symptoms of rabies?
Pain/itching at site of infection, fever, malaise, anorexia
What are the signs and symptoms of rabies once it reaches the CNS?
Neurological manifestations of hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis
How does death from rabies usually occur?
Respiratory paralysis
What is the causative agent of rabies?
Rabies virus
What animal is the most common source of most cases of rabies in the U.S.?
Bats
What is the primary reservoir of rabies in underdeveloped areas?
Dogs
What are possible reservoirs for rabies?
Dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, and cats
How is rabies transmitted?
Usually via a bite but sometime introduced through a break in the skin or inhalation
What is the problem when it comes to diagnosing rabies?
Usually too late to intervene at time of diagnosis
What is the injection used for rabies diagnoses?
Human rabies immune globulin
How is rabies prevented?
Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and help rabies control
What are arboviruses?
Viruses transmitted by arthropods
Arboviruses usually cause what kind of symptoms?
Mild, coldlike symptoms
What condition can arboviruses cause when they cross the blood brain barrier?
Encephalitis
What is the vector for Eastern/Western/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses?
Mosquito
Eastern/Western/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses are mostly found around what animal?
Horses
What is the frequency of asymptomatic polio infections?
90% of cases
What is another name for ophthalmia neonatorum?
Newborn conjunctivitis
What pathogen is primarily responsible for newborn conjunctivitis?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What pathogens can cause ophthalmia neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and sometimes Chlamydia trachomatis or HSV-2
Who is usually at risk for ophthalmia neonatorum?
Children usually during childbirth
What used to be the old prevention for ophthalmia neonatorum?
Silver nitrate
What is the current prevention for ophthalmia neonatorum?
Erythromycin eye drops
What is the lay term for conjunctivitis?
Pink eye
What are the most common bacterial causes for conjunctivitis?
Staph aureus, Strep pneumoniae, Haemophilus aegyptii
What are the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis?
Red eyes, irritation, watering, purulent discharge
What is the most common viral cause of conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
What is unique about the pathogens responsible for conjunctivitis?
Both bacterial or viral
Is conjunctivitis more likely to be caused by a bacterial or viral pathogen? Why?
Viral; bacterial infections are able to be treated and therefore less likely to be spread
What is another name for ocular herpes?
Ophthalmic herpes
Ocular herpes can lead to what serious condition?
Blindness
Ophthalmia neonatorum can lead to what serious condition?
Blindness
What is the pathogen responsible for ocular herpes?
HHV-1
Where is HHV-1 latent in the body?
Trigeminal ganglion (then travels down ophthalmic branch)
What is the treatment for ocular herpes?
Antiviral ointments or eye drops or steroid drops
Which is more common: developing ocular herpes from HHV-1 or HHV2?
HHV-1
What pathogen is most commonly the cause of ocular candidiasis?
Candida albicans
What is candidiasis?
A yeast infection
How can ocular candidiasis be spread?
In the blood stream or by direct inoculation during surgery or trauma
What is the treatment for ocular candidiasis?
Antifungal medications
How is ocular candidiasis diagnosed?
Signs and clusters of budding yeasts
What is the pathogen responsible for Acanthamoeba Keratitis?
Acanthamoeba
What are the signs and symptoms of acanthamoeba keratitis?
Severe redness, pain, and corneal inflammation
In the US, what is acanthamoeba keratitis nearly always associated with?
Contact lens use
Acanthamoeba keratitis is considered what type of disease?
Emerging disease
What is the treatment for acanthamoeba keratitis?
Treated topically with anti-inflammatory drugs or corneal transplants in severe cases
Which form of Equine Encephalitis Virus is seen east of the Mississippi River, and what is its fatality rate?
Eastern; 30-35% fatality
What issue are survivors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus left with?
Neurologic sequelae
Which form of Equine Encephalitis Virus is seen west of the Mississipii River, and what is its fatality rate?
Western; low fatality rate
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus mainly affects what country?
US
What percentage of people are asymptomatic with West Nile Encephalitis Virus?
80%
What is the vector for West Nile Encephalitis Virus?
Mosquito
During what time of the year is West Nile Encephalitis Virus a seasonal epidemic in North America?
Summer into fall
How can contact with the West Nile Encephalitis Virus be prevented?
Avoiding handling of dead birds
Which cause of arboviral encephalitis is more common in children under the age of 16?
California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis Virus
How can one get arboviral encephalitis from the tick-borne encephalitis virus?
From drinking unpasteurized milk containing the virus
How is arboviral encephalitis diagnosed?
Presence of arbovirus-specific antibodies in CSF
How can arboviral encephalitis be prevented?
Avoiding mosquitos and ticks, vaccines available for horses against EEE, WEE, VEE, and WNV
What effects can mushroom toxins have?
Hallucinations and neurological problems
How can fungal toxins spread from the lungs to the CNS?
Through the blood
What pathogen is the cause of cryptococcal meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
How is cryptococcal meningitis transmitted?
Inhalation of spores of dried yeast cells
Cryptococcal meningitis is seen among what types of patients?
Terminal AIDS patients and transplant patients
How is cryptococcal meningitis diagnosed?
Detection of fungal antigen in CSF
How is cryptococcal meningitis treated?
Antifungal drugs
What is another name for African Sleeping Sickness?
Trypanosomiasis
What are the three clinical stages of African Sleeping Sickness?
- Site of fly bite becomes lesion with dead tissue and rapidly dividing parasites
- Fever, lymph node swelling, and headaches
- Invasion of CNS - meningoencephalitis
Patients that develop Trypanosomiasis typically die within what time frame?
6 months of onset of disease
African Sleeping Sickness is characterized by cyclical waves of what condition?
Parasitemia roughly every 7-10 days
What is the pathogen responsible for Trypanosomiasis?
Trypanosoma brucei (95% of cases T. brucei gambiense, 5% T. brucei rhodiense)
What is the vector for African Sleeping Sickness?
Tsetse fly
What is the prevalence and usual location for African Sleeping Sickness?
10,000 per year in equatorial and subequatorial Africa
How is African Sleeping Sickness diagnosed?
Microscopic observation of trypanosomes in blood, lymph, or spinal fluid
What is the fatality rate for Trypanosomiasis if left untreated?
100%
After developing primary amebic meningoencephalopathy, when does death typically occur?
Within 3-7 days after onset of symptoms
What pathogens are responsible for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy?
Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri
Which pathogen is most likely to cause primary amebic meningoencephalopathy?
Naegleria fowleri
What is another name for Naegleria fowleri?
“The brain-eating amoeba”
How is primary amebic meningoencephalopathy transmitted?
Enter host through abrasions on the skin or the eyelid or by inhalation of contaminated water
The pathogens responsible for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy can be naturally found in what locations?
Warm lakes, ponds, puddles, ditches, mud, and moist soil (along with artificial water systems)
What is the treatment for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy?
Antiprotozoan medications (usually too late to be effective due to late diagnosis)
Neti pots could potentially be contaminated with what pathogens and could lead to what disease?
Acanthomoeba, Naegleria fowleri; primary amebic meningoencephalopathy
Ophthalmia neonatorum is associated with which sexually transmitted disease?
Gonorrhea
