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Microbiology Exam Two > Microbial Diseases Of Nervous System & Eyes Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases Of Nervous System & Eyes Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the symptoms like for minor polio?

A

Flu-like illness

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2
Q

What signs and symptoms accompany nonparalytic polio?

A

Muscle spasms and back pain

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3
Q

What is the frequency of paralytic polio?

A

1%

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4
Q

What is bulbar poliomyelitis?

A

Brain stem and medulla are infected, resulting in paralysis of muscles in the limbs or of respiratory muscles

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5
Q

What is post polio syndrome?

A

Crippling deterioration in the function of polio infected muscles

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6
Q

What is the causative agent for polio?

A

Poliovirus

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7
Q

Is polio eradicated worldwide?

A

No, only in the US

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8
Q

How is polio transmitted?

A

Most often by drinking contaminated water or fecal-oral route

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9
Q

How have we been able to almost eliminate all polio cases?

A

Two vaccines (IPV and OPV)

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10
Q

Who developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)?

A

Jonas Salk

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11
Q

Who developed the oral (live) polio vaccine (OPV)?

A

Albert Sabin

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12
Q

How long has it been since the oral (live) polio vaccine has been given in the US?

A

Since 2000

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13
Q

As of 2012, polio only remains endemic in what three countries?

A

Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

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14
Q

How is polio diagnosed?

A

Stool sample or swab of pharynx to find virus

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15
Q

What is the cure for polio?

A

There isn’t one as of right now

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16
Q

How is polio treated?

A

Antibiotics to prevent infections of weakened muscles, analgesics for pain, moderate exercise, nutritious diet, long-term rehabilitation

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17
Q

How is polio prevented?

A

Polio vaccine

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18
Q

Why is the oral vaccine no longer used in the US?

A

It has the potential to lead to full blown polio from a reverted virus

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19
Q

What are the initial signs and symptoms of rabies?

A

Pain/itching at site of infection, fever, malaise, anorexia

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20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of rabies once it reaches the CNS?

A

Neurological manifestations of hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis

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21
Q

How does death from rabies usually occur?

A

Respiratory paralysis

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22
Q

What is the causative agent of rabies?

A

Rabies virus

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23
Q

What animal is the most common source of most cases of rabies in the U.S.?

A

Bats

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24
Q

What is the primary reservoir of rabies in underdeveloped areas?

A

Dogs

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25
Q

What are possible reservoirs for rabies?

A

Dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, and cats

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26
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

Usually via a bite but sometime introduced through a break in the skin or inhalation

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27
Q

What is the problem when it comes to diagnosing rabies?

A

Usually too late to intervene at time of diagnosis

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28
Q

What is the injection used for rabies diagnoses?

A

Human rabies immune globulin

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29
Q

How is rabies prevented?

A

Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and help rabies control

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30
Q

What are arboviruses?

A

Viruses transmitted by arthropods

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31
Q

Arboviruses usually cause what kind of symptoms?

A

Mild, coldlike symptoms

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32
Q

What condition can arboviruses cause when they cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Encephalitis

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33
Q

What is the vector for Eastern/Western/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses?

A

Mosquito

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34
Q

Eastern/Western/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses are mostly found around what animal?

A

Horses

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35
Q

What is the frequency of asymptomatic polio infections?

A

90% of cases

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36
Q

What is another name for ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

Newborn conjunctivitis

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37
Q

What pathogen is primarily responsible for newborn conjunctivitis?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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38
Q

What pathogens can cause ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and sometimes Chlamydia trachomatis or HSV-2

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39
Q

Who is usually at risk for ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

Children usually during childbirth

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40
Q

What used to be the old prevention for ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

Silver nitrate

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41
Q

What is the current prevention for ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

Erythromycin eye drops

42
Q

What is the lay term for conjunctivitis?

A

Pink eye

43
Q

What are the most common bacterial causes for conjunctivitis?

A

Staph aureus, Strep pneumoniae, Haemophilus aegyptii

44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Red eyes, irritation, watering, purulent discharge

45
Q

What is the most common viral cause of conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

46
Q

What is unique about the pathogens responsible for conjunctivitis?

A

Both bacterial or viral

47
Q

Is conjunctivitis more likely to be caused by a bacterial or viral pathogen? Why?

A

Viral; bacterial infections are able to be treated and therefore less likely to be spread

48
Q

What is another name for ocular herpes?

A

Ophthalmic herpes

49
Q

Ocular herpes can lead to what serious condition?

A

Blindness

50
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum can lead to what serious condition?

A

Blindness

51
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for ocular herpes?

A

HHV-1

52
Q

Where is HHV-1 latent in the body?

A

Trigeminal ganglion (then travels down ophthalmic branch)

53
Q

What is the treatment for ocular herpes?

A

Antiviral ointments or eye drops or steroid drops

54
Q

Which is more common: developing ocular herpes from HHV-1 or HHV2?

A

HHV-1

55
Q

What pathogen is most commonly the cause of ocular candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans

56
Q

What is candidiasis?

A

A yeast infection

57
Q

How can ocular candidiasis be spread?

A

In the blood stream or by direct inoculation during surgery or trauma

58
Q

What is the treatment for ocular candidiasis?

A

Antifungal medications

59
Q

How is ocular candidiasis diagnosed?

A

Signs and clusters of budding yeasts

60
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Acanthamoeba Keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba

61
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

Severe redness, pain, and corneal inflammation

62
Q

In the US, what is acanthamoeba keratitis nearly always associated with?

A

Contact lens use

63
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis is considered what type of disease?

A

Emerging disease

64
Q

What is the treatment for acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

Treated topically with anti-inflammatory drugs or corneal transplants in severe cases

65
Q

Which form of Equine Encephalitis Virus is seen east of the Mississippi River, and what is its fatality rate?

A

Eastern; 30-35% fatality

66
Q

What issue are survivors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus left with?

A

Neurologic sequelae

67
Q

Which form of Equine Encephalitis Virus is seen west of the Mississipii River, and what is its fatality rate?

A

Western; low fatality rate

68
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus mainly affects what country?

A

US

69
Q

What percentage of people are asymptomatic with West Nile Encephalitis Virus?

A

80%

70
Q

What is the vector for West Nile Encephalitis Virus?

A

Mosquito

71
Q

During what time of the year is West Nile Encephalitis Virus a seasonal epidemic in North America?

A

Summer into fall

72
Q

How can contact with the West Nile Encephalitis Virus be prevented?

A

Avoiding handling of dead birds

73
Q

Which cause of arboviral encephalitis is more common in children under the age of 16?

A

California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis Virus

74
Q

How can one get arboviral encephalitis from the tick-borne encephalitis virus?

A

From drinking unpasteurized milk containing the virus

75
Q

How is arboviral encephalitis diagnosed?

A

Presence of arbovirus-specific antibodies in CSF

76
Q

How can arboviral encephalitis be prevented?

A

Avoiding mosquitos and ticks, vaccines available for horses against EEE, WEE, VEE, and WNV

77
Q

What effects can mushroom toxins have?

A

Hallucinations and neurological problems

78
Q

How can fungal toxins spread from the lungs to the CNS?

A

Through the blood

79
Q

What pathogen is the cause of cryptococcal meningitis?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

80
Q

How is cryptococcal meningitis transmitted?

A

Inhalation of spores of dried yeast cells

81
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis is seen among what types of patients?

A

Terminal AIDS patients and transplant patients

82
Q

How is cryptococcal meningitis diagnosed?

A

Detection of fungal antigen in CSF

83
Q

How is cryptococcal meningitis treated?

A

Antifungal drugs

84
Q

What is another name for African Sleeping Sickness?

A

Trypanosomiasis

85
Q

What are the three clinical stages of African Sleeping Sickness?

A
  1. Site of fly bite becomes lesion with dead tissue and rapidly dividing parasites
  2. Fever, lymph node swelling, and headaches
  3. Invasion of CNS - meningoencephalitis
86
Q

Patients that develop Trypanosomiasis typically die within what time frame?

A

6 months of onset of disease

87
Q

African Sleeping Sickness is characterized by cyclical waves of what condition?

A

Parasitemia roughly every 7-10 days

88
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for Trypanosomiasis?

A

Trypanosoma brucei (95% of cases T. brucei gambiense, 5% T. brucei rhodiense)

89
Q

What is the vector for African Sleeping Sickness?

A

Tsetse fly

90
Q

What is the prevalence and usual location for African Sleeping Sickness?

A

10,000 per year in equatorial and subequatorial Africa

91
Q

How is African Sleeping Sickness diagnosed?

A

Microscopic observation of trypanosomes in blood, lymph, or spinal fluid

92
Q

What is the fatality rate for Trypanosomiasis if left untreated?

A

100%

93
Q

After developing primary amebic meningoencephalopathy, when does death typically occur?

A

Within 3-7 days after onset of symptoms

94
Q

What pathogens are responsible for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy?

A

Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri

95
Q

Which pathogen is most likely to cause primary amebic meningoencephalopathy?

A

Naegleria fowleri

96
Q

What is another name for Naegleria fowleri?

A

“The brain-eating amoeba”

97
Q

How is primary amebic meningoencephalopathy transmitted?

A

Enter host through abrasions on the skin or the eyelid or by inhalation of contaminated water

98
Q

The pathogens responsible for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy can be naturally found in what locations?

A

Warm lakes, ponds, puddles, ditches, mud, and moist soil (along with artificial water systems)

99
Q

What is the treatment for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy?

A

Antiprotozoan medications (usually too late to be effective due to late diagnosis)

100
Q

Neti pots could potentially be contaminated with what pathogens and could lead to what disease?

A

Acanthomoeba, Naegleria fowleri; primary amebic meningoencephalopathy

101
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum is associated with which sexually transmitted disease?

A

Gonorrhea

Microbiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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