Microbial diseases of respiratory

Question 1

Strept throat

Answer 1

sore throat. may progress to scarlet fever or rheumatic fever. S pyogenes gram positive facultative anaerobic pairs or chains, beta hemolytic. Occurs when normal microbiota are depleted. Penicillin effecive treatment, S. pyogenes beta hemolytic diagnostic because other Streps are normal microbiota.

Question 2

Diptheria.

Answer 2

Sore throat oozes, pseudomembrane acorss airways. Cornyeobacterium. High GC pleomorphic non endospore forming Diptheria toxin, prevents peptide synthesis. Causes cell death. Resp droplets. Skin contact. Immunocompromised. treat antitoxin.

Question 3

Sinusitis and Otitus media.

Answer 3

S. pneumoneia. S pyogenes. H influenza. Moraxella. Bacteria in throat spread to sinuses. Cranium changes in adult so less common than in kids. Bacteria in pharynx spread to ear /sinus.

Question 4

Cold and flu

Answer 4

No fever in cold last about a week.

Question 5

Common cold

Answer 5

200 different types. Enteroviruses rhino viruses most common. Attach to ICAM 1 on nasal membrane surface. Infected cells lose cilliary action and slough off. Localized inflammation blocks nasal cavities. Highly infective. grows best 33C neutral pH. Mucus and snezing from immune response.

Question 6

bacterial pneumonia

Answer 6

fluid in lungs.

Question 7

lobar pneumonia

Answer 7

strep

Question 8

mycoplasma pneumonia (primary atypical)

Answer 8

mycoplasma

Question 9

nosocomial pnuemonia

Answer 9

klebsiella

Question 10

pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 10

neutrophils in sputum. S. pneumonia gram positive cocci. Rarely reaches lungs. Adhesin capsule pneumolysin prevents phagocytosis. Lining is damaged llowing fluid to fill. Then leukocytes attack more damage. Diagnose sputum smears, treat penicillin.

Question 11

Mycooplasma pnueomnia

Answer 11

no cell wall. Low GC gram positive obligate aerobe. Adhesion protein. Nasal secretion. Treat with tetracycline

Question 12

Legionaires disease

Answer 12

typical pneumonia symptoms. Death 50% if untreated. Legionella pneumophila. Gram negative pleiomorphic. Intracellular of freshwater protozoa or macrophages. Elderly or smokers at risk. Rind by serological test. Quinolones and macrolides.

Question 13

Tuberculosis

Answer 13

rever cough, chest pain, coughing up blood. mycobacterium tuberculosis. High GC gram positive non endospore forming. Mhycooic acid slow growth resistant to antimicrobial drugs. Viable long time in respiratory droplets.

Question 14

3 types tuberculosis

Answer 14

primary : tubercles
secondary reactivation
systemic

Question 15

reactivated tuberculosis

Answer 15

tubercule surrounded bymacrophages bursts and allows them to gain access to system

Question 16

tuberculin skin test

Answer 16

small amount of cell wall put underneath skin, reaction means exposure to TB.

Question 17

Tuberculosis treatment

Answer 17

combination of drugs, 6 months. Bacterium takes long to grow. Drug resistant strains have emerged.

Question 18

Pertussis whooping cough

Answer 18

Bordtella pertussis is gram negative aerobic coccobacillus. Pertussis toxin increases mucous production and decreasesleukocyte killing. Life threatening for children. Prevent with DATP vaccine.

Question 19

inhalational anthrax

Answer 19

initially flu or cold. lethargy sever coughlater. Gram + spore forming rod aerobic. Anthrax toxin kills human cells, capsule prevents phagocytosis. Acquired by contact with endospores not person to person.

Question 20

influenza

Answer 20

sudden fever pharyngitis. Similar to cold but with fever. Types A and B. -ssRNA enveloped sudded with HA or NA.Mutations in hemaglutinin and neuramidase produce new strains. Symptoms produced by immune reponse. Inhalation of virus.

Question 21

SARS

Answer 21

High fever difficulty breathing. Later bad cough pneumonia. Mortality 10%. Caused by coronavirus. +ssRNA with helical capsid.

Question 22

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Answer 22

symptoms progress to cough, shock, 50% mortality. Widespread shock. segmented -ssRNA virus. transmitted mice excrement. Inflamation causes vessles to leak fluid. Prevention requires conrol of rodents.

Question 23

3 fungal respiratory diseases

Answer 23

coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis

Question 24

coccidiomycosi

Answer 24

resmbles tuberculosis or penumonia. Can become systemic in immunocompromised. Coccidiodes. Dimorphic soil Ascomyocota. In soil grows as filaments, converts to yeast in blood. Spherules diagnostgic. Treat with amphotericin B.

Question 25

histoplasmosis

Answer 25

Most common in humans yet 95% asymptomatic. Infection causes coughing with bloody sputum. Histoplasma spatulum. dimorphic soil ascomycete. Intracellulr of macrophages, inhaled. Find fungus in samples.