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Fundamentals of Microbiology > Microbial Cell Structure > Flashcards

Microbial Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define cell envelope

A

Plasma membrane and all layers external to it

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2
Q

Define protoplast

A

The whole cell excluding the cell wall

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3
Q

What is the PM mainly composed of

A

Bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids

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4
Q

Give 3 roles of membrane proteins

A
  • Structural support
  • Secretion of communication signals
  • Transportation of ions
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5
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins and which is more abundant

A

Integral - 70% - 80%
Peripheral - 20% - 30%

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6
Q

What is the bacterial version of cholesterol

A

Hopanoids

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7
Q

What is the main difference between archaeal and bacterial PM

A

Archaea lack fatty acids and instead have isoprene which forms an ether bond with glycerol rather than an ester bond

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8
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall also known as

A

Sacculus

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9
Q

What is the cell wall made of - 2 names

A

Peptidoglycan or Murein

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10
Q

Give 3 functions of the cell wall

A
  • Structure and support
  • Protection from toxic substances
  • Withstand osmotic pressures
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11
Q

What is PDG replaced by in archaea

A

Pseudomurein

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12
Q

Which two sugars make up PDG, what bond do they form and what shape does it make

A

NAM and NAG - beta
1-4 glycosidic bond
Helical

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13
Q

What can destroy PDG

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

The cell wall in gram +ve bacteria is primarily made of PDG - what colour do they stain - monoderm or diderm

A

Purple
Monoderm

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15
Q

What does the cell wall of gram +ve bacteria also contain - what are their function (1)

A

Teichoic acid
Protection from environmental substances

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16
Q

What does the cell wall of gram -ve bacteria consist of

A

PDG and an outer membrane made of LPS

17
Q

What colour do gram -ve cells stain - monoderm or diderm

A

Pink/red
Diderm

18
Q

Give one function of the LPS in the OM

A

Stabilises OM structure

19
Q

How is the OM and PDG linked in gram -ve bacteria

A

Braun’s lipoproteins

20
Q

Is the periplasmic space bigger in gram -ve or gram +ve bacteria

A

gram -ve bacteria

21
Q

What are the 2 barriers that a solute must cross in gram -ve bacteria and what are the channels called

A

Outer membrane into the periplasm
Plasma membrane
Porins

22
Q

Why do the pores in the cell wall of gram +ve bacteria close during staining whereas the cell wall of gram -ve bacteria doesn’t

A

The PDG is much thicker in gram +ve bacteria

23
Q

How do extra-cellular vesicles develop - what do they transfer between cells

A

Membrane buds out, pinches off and is released from the cell
Genetic information

24
Q

What makes up a gram -ve EV

A

OM surrounding periplasm

25
Q

What makes up a gram +ve EV

A

PM surrounding periplasm

26
Q

What are the 4 structures outside the cell wall and what are their functions - G(CS)S

A

Glycocalyx - aid in attachment to solid surfaces
Capsules - Protective advantages
Slime layers - Similar to capsules but easily removed
S-layers - maintain shape and rigidity

27
Q

What are the three structures that form the cytoskeleton - give 2 bacterial examples

A

Actin filaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
FtsZ and MreB

28
Q

What are inclusions aggregated of - what is their function (2)

A

Organic and inorganic substances
- Segregate cellular components
- Storage of glycogen or carbon

29
Q

What are microcompartments encapsulated by

A

selectively permeable protein shell

30
Q

What are endospores and how are they advantageous (2)

A

Dormant bacterial cells
Survive heat damage and dessication

31
Q

What are the 3 processes involved in an endospore becoming a vegetative cell

A

Activation
Germination
Outgrowth

32
Q

What are fimbriae and what is their function

A

Short, thin hair-like projections
Surface attachment and motility

33
Q

What are pili and what is their function

A

Long, thick projections
Surface attachment and gene transfer mechanisms (conjugation)

34
Q

What are the 3 constituents of the flagella - in order

A

basal body - hook - filament

35
Q

What are 2 functions of flagella

A

Attachment and motility

36
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Movement to or from chemical attractants or chemical repellents

37
Q

What does CW and CCW rotation cause

A

CW - Tumble
CCW - Forward run

38
Q

In the presence of an attractant what is the frequency of tumbles and runs

A

tumbling frequency is reduced and runs in a direction are longer

39
Q

How is gliding an anomaly - what is it aided by

A

Requires no appendages - aided by slime secretion

Fundamentals of Microbiology (16 decks)

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