Genetic Mutations Flashcards
What are the names given to normal cells and cells that have undergone mutations
Mutant and Wild-type
What is the mutation and error rate
Error - difference in frequency that DNA polymerase will make mistakes
Mutation - number of DNA mutations a species will incur every time it replicates
What is the name given to the 2 structural forms that a base can occur in - which is the more common one
Tautomers - Keto not enol
What is the difference in enol and keto forms
Enol forms have different base pairing capabilities
Do transition for transversion mutations occur when the enol form is used
Transition
How do transversion mutations occur
Depurination of an A or G nucleotide
What does depurination create and how does DNA polymerase react
Apurinic site - randomly incorporates one of the 4 nucleotides
How do insertion and deletion mutations occur
‘Slipping’ of DNA polymerase
Exposure to what induces mutations
Mutagens
Outline these 3 chemical mutagens
- base analogues
- DNA modifying agents
- Intercalating agents
BA - Chemicals whose structure is similar to that of DNA
DMA - Lead to addition of chemical groups to the DNA structure
IA - Insertion between adjacent bps distorting DNA backbone
What is the outcome of physical mutagens - give 1 example
Breaking of H bonds resulting in pyrimidine dimer - UV light
What is the consequence of a mutation dependent on
The locus
Give 2 methods that can be used to detect mutations
Spread-plate
Replica plating
