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Infection > Microbes > Flashcards

Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

what are prions

A

proteins which can make copies of themselves and spread from person to person

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2
Q

what must be used to see viruses

A

electron microscope

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3
Q

how does the genetic material differ in viruses

A
  • single or double stranded

- RNA or DNA

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4
Q

what does it mean when viruses have an envelope

A

they have a lipid bilayer on the outside which makes it less easy to disrupt the virus

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5
Q

why are there spikes on the outside of the virus

A

to allow it to attach to specific cell surfaces as they must bind to a cell before they can enter it

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6
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects and replicates within a bacteria

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7
Q

what is the capsule of a bacteria made up of

A

polysaccharides

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8
Q

what Is the cell wall of a bacteria made from

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

true or false: the bacterial capsule is a virulence factor

A

true, as it enhances the bacteria’s ability to cause disease

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10
Q

What are the 3 bacterial shapes

A
  1. coccus (round)
  2. Spirillus (spiral)
  3. Bacillus (rod)
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11
Q

what are the 2 arrangements of bacteria

A
  1. clusters

2. chains

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12
Q

what are aerobes

A

microbes that can survive in the presence of oxygen

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13
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

microbes that require oxygen for survival

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14
Q

what are anaerobes

A

microbes that survive in the absence of oxygen

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15
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

microbes that require an oxygen free environment for survival

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16
Q

what is used to name bacteria, fungi and parasites

A

Linnaean taxonomy

17
Q

what are organisms named using Linnaean taxonomy

A

Genus + species

18
Q

give 3 examples of virulence factors

A
  1. polysaccharide caspule
  2. pili (structure to allow attachment
  3. iron sequestration
19
Q

give an example of a substance which causes iron sequestration

A

siderophores

20
Q

what are exotoxins

A

toxic substances secreted by the bacteria deliberately to cause damage to the host and allow bacterial replication

21
Q

what are endotoxins

A

substances such as lipopolysaccharides that are released when the bacteria breaks down

22
Q

how does the ribosome size differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

70S in prokaryotes and 80S eukaryotes

23
Q

true or false: prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles

A

false

24
Q

true or false: fungi and parasites are prokaryotes

A

false

25
Q

what is the genetic information like in prokaryotes

A
  • single stranded (usually), circular

- plasmids (extra, small, circular pieces of DNA)

26
Q

what are single celled fungi called

A

yeast

27
Q

what are multicellular fungi called

A

Molds

28
Q

what are single celled parasites called

A

Protozoa

29
Q

what are multi-cellular parasites called

A

Helminths

30
Q

what allows bacteria to have a gram negative stain

A

the bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide capsule and a thinner peptidoglycan layer

31
Q

what are gram stains

A

technique used to differentiate 2 groups of bacteria based on their cell wall constitutes

32
Q

how are gram stains carried out

A
  • flood slide with the fixed specimen with crystal violet solution
  • rinse slide then flood with iodine
  • rinse off excess iodine with acetone
  • wash slide with water (only gram positive will be seen at this point)
  • apply safranin counterstain to see gram negative
  • wash in water
33
Q

what colour is a positive gram stain

A

purple

34
Q

what colour is a negative gram stain

A

red

35
Q

true or false: gram negative bacteria have a larger peptidoglycan layer

A

false

36
Q

What does Helicobacter pylon cause

A

Stomach ulcers and stomach cancer

37
Q

What does human papillomavirus cause

A

Warts and cervical cancer

38
Q

True or false: staphylococcus is a common bacteria found on the skin

A

True

Infection (16 decks)

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