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Microbiology II > Micro QA continue > Flashcards

Micro QA continue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what % of people will die, or have severe scarring from smallpox?

A

1/3 will die, 1/3 will have severe scarring, 1/3 will have mild scaring

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2
Q

what problems will smallpox surviors have?

A

scarring and blindness

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3
Q

what is variolation?

A

where the small pox scabs were colleted from the people with mild small pox, theres were then ground into the face of children who had yet to be infected. Reduced mortality from 33% to about 1-2%

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4
Q

who is most known for small pox vaccine althout it was used in india, china and turkey and by milk maids years before?

A

edward jenner

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5
Q

what is the 3rd cause of death world wide?

A

HIV

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6
Q

how is HIV transferred?

A

direct transfer of infected body fluids and infected cells

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7
Q

major ways to transmit HIV?

A

sex, drug abuse, blood transfusiton

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8
Q

what type of virus is HIV?

A

ssRNA retro virus, converted to DNA in the infected cell

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9
Q

what are retroviruses specilized for?

A

carrying genes from cell to cell and inducing tumors or immunosuression.

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10
Q

what is another human disease caused by retroviruses?

A

T-cell Leukemia

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11
Q

explain the genome of HIV?

A

Enveloped, diploid , ssRNA to DNA

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12
Q

what type of polymerase does HIV need?

A

RNA to DNA, opposite of what our body normally does

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13
Q

what is a reason we cant make an HIV vaccine yet?

A

RNA, its higly mutating can jump species, has long incubation periods

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14
Q

RNA dept, DNA polymerase is also called what>

A

Reverse transcriptase.

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15
Q

when did HIV probably show up?

A

100 years ago in africa

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16
Q

What are the two types of retroviruses?

A

exogeneous and endogenous

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of exogenous retroviruses?

A

Oncoviruses, Lentiviruses, and spumavirus

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18
Q

Oncoviruses

A

Tumor -Cause cancers - HTLV I, II - leukemias that target T cells

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19
Q

Lentiviruses

A

Slow Cause CNS and Immunosupressive- HIV I, II, - decrease immunity

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20
Q

Spumavirus

A

Foamy - no known signs and symptoms

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21
Q

what is special about the endogenous viruses?

A

embedded into the germ line and are passed from generation to generation, why we have 8% viral genome.

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22
Q

what type of retrovirus is concidered the ultimate parasite?

A

Endogenous viruses because they get into Germ line and are not fully functional.

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23
Q

which type of retrovirus transfers vertically?

A

endogenous viruses.

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24
Q

what is schistosomasis

A

we are definitive host, makes girls more suceptable to HIV because of increased epithelial breaks in vaginal lining

25
Q

where does schistosomiasis alto live?

A

snails

26
Q

what is the chance of getting HIV from needles stick?

A

0.30%

27
Q

change of Hep C?

A

2-3%

28
Q

chance of Hep B? HBV

A

6-30% that?s way more scary

29
Q

are aids cases increases or decreasisg?

A

Aids is mostly going down.

30
Q

what disease in africa increases risk of HIV?

A

schistosomiasis and chlymadia both causes epithelia ulseration.

31
Q

is HIV fragile or sturdy?

A

its fragile, easily inactivates it nees very intimate transmission to be sucessful.

32
Q

primary means of HIV infection?

A

Heterosexual sex world wide but its homosexual sex in the US.

33
Q

can child of HIV carrying mother be HIV free?

A

yes, if she is on retroviral drugs, HIV therapy.

34
Q

where in the world is HIV still growing?

A

eastern europe, and central and east asia

35
Q

what % of population in east africa is HIV positive?

A

25% IN EAST AFTICA.

36
Q

how long was HIV in circulation before it was recognized?

A

60-80 years., primarily impacting the poor.

37
Q

HIV is diploid< what does that mean

A

it has 2 copies of its genome, and they are probably not the same.

38
Q

what do all retrroviruses have in common?

A

non-segmented genome structure with for major gene segments

39
Q

what are the 4 major gene segments?

A

GAG, PRO, POL, ENV with LTR on each end

40
Q

What is GAG gene for?

A

Structure proteins like the capsit and matrix under the envelope

41
Q

What is POL for?

A

Polymerase - reverse transcriptase - enzymes

42
Q

What is ENV for?

A

envelope

43
Q

what is LTR?

A

it makes up each end of the large neuclic acid sequence.

44
Q

when is the protease active (POL)

A

when the virus buds off.

45
Q

6 steps of HIV infection

A

1) attachment, 2) entry ino cell, 3) Reverse transcription, 4)integration 5) transcript/translate of viral DNA, 6) assembly

46
Q

what happens to infected T helper cells?

A

T cytotoxic cells kill them because of the HIV presented on MHC class one.

47
Q

what does the HIV spike proteins attach to?

A

To CD4 cells with a CCR5 receptor

48
Q

what sucks the virus in?

A

GP 41 to the CCR5

49
Q

if people have a CCR5 deleation what can phppen

A

resistant to HIV infection but more likely to allow west nile to cause encephalitus.

50
Q

what is progression of HIV?

A

after infection it can change to X4 tropic that actually kills host cells itslef.

51
Q

what happens to CD4 count when protease inhibitors are introduced?

A

CD4 cells rise because less are getting infected and killed by killer T cells.

52
Q

what finnaly kills AIDS patients?

A

mutant HIV avoids Tc cells, Thymus is worn out and quits making Tcells, some oppurtunistic infections kills infected.

53
Q

when it first appeared, how long did people live with HIV?

A

3-5 yers and then they would die

54
Q

Now how long do people live with HIV?

A

15 to 20 years

55
Q

why is real cure for HIV elusive?

A

because it can be latent in cells for a long time then reappear, dentritic dlls.

56
Q

what is a normal CD4 count

A

500 - 1000 CD4 count is normal

57
Q

200-500 CD4 cell count

A

increased risk for shingles, thrush and oppurtunistic infections.

58
Q

what is HAART?

A

highly active antretroviral therapy - the standard for HIV treatments

59
Q

what is HAART made up up of?

A

a combo of 3 different types of HIV inhibitors that are covering each of the modes of infectionsl

Microbiology II (8 decks)

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