Micro Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
This man was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes
A
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2
Q
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described single cell organisms as
A
animalcules
3
Q
The first to demonstrate the connection between a single isolated microbe and a human known disease
A
Robert Koch
4
Q
Modern taxonomy relies heavily on comparing
A
the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms
5
Q
_____ created a tree with three domains above the level of kingdom
A
Carl Woese
6
Q
The tree created with three domains above the level of kingdom created by Carl Woese included
A
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
7
Q
Microorganisms are found in each of the three domains of life which are
A
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
8
Q
Microbes within the domains Bacteria and Archaea are all
A
Prokaryotes
9
Q
Cells that lack a nucleus
A
Prokaryotes
10
Q
Cells that have a nucleus
A
Eukaryotes
11
Q
Microbes in the domain Eukarya are
A
Eukaryotes
12
Q
Are Bacteria prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
A
prokaryotic
13
Q
Is DNA housed within a true nucleus
A
no
14
Q
Common shapes for bacteria are
A
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
spirochete
vibrio
15
Q
______ are also unicellular prokaryotic organisms
A
Archaea
16
Q
Found in nearly every habitat even extreme environments
A
Psuedopeptidoglycan
17
Q
Examples of protists
A
Algae and Protozoa
18
Q
____ are protists that can be unicellular or multicellular
A
Algae
19
Q
____ move with help from hair like structures called cillia and flagella or pseudopods (false feet)
A
Protozoa
20
Q
_____ are multicellular whereas _____ are unicellular fungi
A
Fungi
Yeasts
21
Q
______ are multicellular parasitic worms
A
Helminths
22
Q
_____ are acellular microorganisms which means they are NOT composed of cells
A
Viruses
23
Q
Viruses contain _____ or _____ but never both
A
DNA OR RNA
24
Q
Refraction occurs when
A
light waves change speed and direction as they pass from one medium to another
25
The power of a microscope can be described in terms of its
magnification and resolution
26
the ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate is...
resolution
27
Who was credited with the first observation of microbes ?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
28
Who was the first to descibe "cells" (looked at dead cork cells)
Robert Hooke
29
Uses lenses to focus light on a specimen to produce an image
Light Microscopy
30
Produce a DARK image on a bright background
Brightfield
31
Total magnification =
ocular magnification x objective magnification
32
_____ scatters the light rays
air
33
_____ can be used to fill the space between the specimen and an oil immersion lens
oil
34
Oil has the refractive index very similar to
glass
35
Oil increases the light collected and thus....
the resolution of the image
36
shows bright objects on a dark background
darkfield
37
use refraction and interference
phase contrast
38
phase contrast uses refraction and interference to create...
high contrast and high resolution images without staining
39
Use interference patterns to enhance contrast between different features of a specimen using two beams of light
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
40
Uses fluorochromes which are capable of absorbing energy from a light source then emits this energy as visible light
Fluorescence
41
Used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by observing whether antibodies bind to them
Immunofluorescence
42
Uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes successively
Confocal
43
_______ focuses electrons on the specimen using magnets producing much greater magnification that light microscopy
Electron Microscopy
44
______ uses short wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution
Electron microscopy
45
_____ microscopy cannot be used on living material because of the methods needed to prepare the specimens
electron microscopy
46
___ requires that the beam and specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen be very thin
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
47
_____ microscope form images of surfaces of specimens
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
48
____ microscopy produces images of even greater magnification by measuring feedback from sharp probes that interact with the specimen
scanning probe microscopy
49
these two microscopes observe individual atoms on surfaces
Scanning tunneling microscope
AND
Atomic force microscope
50
Properly prepared slide samples for a microscope require
Smear , heat fix then stain
51
Also known as acid stains---
absorbed by the background not by the negatively charged cell
Negative stains
52
___ stains produces a silhouette of the organisms against a colorful background
negative stains
53
Also known as basic stains---- stick to the cell walls of negative charged cells
Positive stains
54
Types of staining include
Simple -- one stain
Differential --- two stains
55
Life arose from nonliving matter
spontaneous generation
56
This person disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment
Louis Pasteur
57
This person proposed that life only comes from life
Louis Pasteur
58
This person came up with cell theory (cork under microscope)
Robert Hooke
59
This person popularized the concept of cell theory (all cells arise from cells)
Rudolf Virchow
60
________ theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their origins in bacteria. Significant structural and genetic information support this theory
Endosymbiotic theory
61
This person created the hypothesis that eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) of of prokaryotic origin (they were once bacteria)
Lynn Margulis
62
Germ theory of disease is
diseases may result from microbial infection
63
This person created the foundation of the germ theory (diseases may result from microbial infection)
Louis Pasteur
64
this person began using carbolic acid (phenol) spray disinfectant/antiseptic during surgery
Joseph Lister
65
this person proposed a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe
Robert Koch
66
_____ ______ occurs because of differences in the concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable membrane
osmotic pressure
67
Prokaryotic cells may contain extrachromosomal DNA in _________ which often carry genes that confer advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance.
Plasmids
68
Prokaryotic ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) have a size of
70S
69
Clinically significant Gram-positive bacteria that can from endospores
Bacillus
Clostridium
70
Cell envelope=
plasma membrane+cell wall
71
____ _____ are composed of phospholipids
plasma membranes
72
prokaryotic cell walls may be composed of________ (found only in bacteria
peptidoglycan
73
Gram positive bacterial cells are characterized by a ______ peptidoglycan layer
thick
74
Gram negative bacterial cells are characterized by a ______ peptidoglycan layer
thin
75
_______ (more organized) contribute to a microbe's pathogenicity ( ability to cause disease) because the it can make it more difficult for phagocytic cells (WBC) to engulf and kill them
Capsules
76
_____ are typically more numerous and shorter
fimbriae
77
______ are larger and less numerous than fimbriae
pili
78
flagella that cover the entire surface of bacterial cell
Peritrichous
79
One end of the cell (polar)
Monotrichous
80
flagellum of tufts of flagella at each end
amphitrichous
81
flagella with tuft at one end of the cell
lophotrichous
82
________ cells have a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic
83
Eukaryotic cells contain _______ ribosomes
80S
84
________ ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
70S
85
________ system: membrane bound organelles involved in transport
Endomembrane
86
An interconnected array of tubules and cisternae
(part of endomembrane system)
Endoplasmic reticulum
87
Lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
88
Contains membrane bound 80S ribosomes that synthesize proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
89
______ ______ processes proteins and lipids
golgi apparatus
90
_____ contain digestive enzymes
lysosomes
91
_____ are the site of cellular respiration
mitochondria
92
In addition to active transport and passive transport eukaryotic cell membranes can take material in to the cell via _______or expel matter from the cell via ______
endocytosis
exocytosis
93
Cell eating
phagocytosis
94
cell drinking
pinocytosis
95
fungi, algae, plants and some protists have a ____ ___
cell wall
96
types of cell walls include
cellulose (fungi and plants)
chitin (fungi)
97
Three domains of life
Archaea Bacteria and Eukarya
98
_____ and _____ are unicellular prokaryotic organisms
archaea and bacteria
99
_______ are unicellular microorganisms whose cells have no nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles
prokaryotes
100
______ the totality of forms of prokaryotes (particularly bacteria) living on the human which varies between regions of the body and individuals and changes over time
Microbiome
101
_____ the totality of forms of prokaryotes living in a certain region of the human body
Microbiota
102
Two types of microbiota are
resident microbiota
transient microbiota
103
_____ microbiota constantly live in or on our bodies
resident
104
____ microbiota temporarily found in the human body
transient
105
_______ colonization during vaginal child birth
higher incidence of diseases in babies born by c section compared to those born vaginally
Lactobacillus
106
Bacteria have been traditionally classified into
Gram positive bacteria
107
Gram positive bacteria are classified into
low guanine and cytosine
high guanine and cytosine
108
Gram negative bacteria are classified
Spirochetes
Proteobacteria
Atypcial bacteria
Mycoplasma
SPAM
109
Proteobacteria are further classified into the classes
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
110
Rickettsia
R.rickettsii causes
Rocky mountain spotted fever spread by ticks
111
Betaproteobacteria include and cause
-Neisseria
-N. gonorrhoeae- causes STI gonorrhea
-N. meningitides- causes bacterial meningitis
-Bordetella pertussis- causes pertussis (whooping cough)
112
Are the larges and the most diverse group of proteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
113
often infects wounds and burns
pseudomonas aeruginosa
114
______ does not cause influenza. It can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections including sinusitis, bronchitis, ear infections and pneumonia
H. influenzae
115
Causes cholera
Vibrio cholerae
116
causes serious and potentially life threatening celluitus
V. vulnificus
117
Enteric bacteria include
Escherichia coli: the most studied bacterium
Salmonella: causes typhoid fever
Shigella
Yersinia pestis
118
The most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach and duodenum, also linked to stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori
119
Spiral bacteria with a long narrow body
Spirochetes
120
_____ contain human pathogens that cause diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease
Spirochetes
121
_____ is a group categorized by their ability to use the energy of sunlight
CFB
(cytophaga, fusobacterium, and bacterioides)
122
______ are oxygen- producing bacteria thought to have played a critical role in the forming of the earths atmosphere.
Cyanobacteria
123
Causes diphtheria, produces a toxin that forms a pseudomembrane in the patient's throat, causing swelling, and difficulty breathing
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
124
______ ______ can cause bacterial vaginosis in women
Gardnerella vaginalis
125
_______: bacilli covered with a mycolic acid coat. This waxy coat protects the bacteria from some antibiotics
Mycobacterium
126
______: causes tuberculosis (TB)
M.tuberculosis
127
_______: causes leprosy
M.leprae
128
