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BIOL 2402 > Micro Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Micro Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

This man was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described single cell organisms as

A

animalcules

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3
Q

The first to demonstrate the connection between a single isolated microbe and a human known disease

A

Robert Koch

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4
Q

Modern taxonomy relies heavily on comparing

A

the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms

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5
Q

_____ created a tree with three domains above the level of kingdom

A

Carl Woese

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6
Q

The tree created with three domains above the level of kingdom created by Carl Woese included

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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7
Q

Microorganisms are found in each of the three domains of life which are

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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8
Q

Microbes within the domains Bacteria and Archaea are all

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Cells that lack a nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Cells that have a nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Microbes in the domain Eukarya are

A

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

Are Bacteria prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic

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13
Q

Is DNA housed within a true nucleus

A

no

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14
Q

Common shapes for bacteria are

A

coccus
bacillus
spirillum
spirochete
vibrio

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15
Q

______ are also unicellular prokaryotic organisms

A

Archaea

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16
Q

Found in nearly every habitat even extreme environments

A

Psuedopeptidoglycan

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17
Q

Examples of protists

A

Algae and Protozoa

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18
Q

____ are protists that can be unicellular or multicellular

A

Algae

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19
Q

____ move with help from hair like structures called cillia and flagella or pseudopods (false feet)

A

Protozoa

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20
Q

_____ are multicellular whereas _____ are unicellular fungi

A

Fungi
Yeasts

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21
Q

______ are multicellular parasitic worms

A

Helminths

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22
Q

_____ are acellular microorganisms which means they are NOT composed of cells

A

Viruses

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23
Q

Viruses contain _____ or _____ but never both

A

DNA OR RNA

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24
Q

Refraction occurs when

A

light waves change speed and direction as they pass from one medium to another

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25
Q

The power of a microscope can be described in terms of its

A

magnification and resolution

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26
Q

the ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate is…

A

resolution

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27
Q

Who was credited with the first observation of microbes ?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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28
Q

Who was the first to descibe “cells” (looked at dead cork cells)

A

Robert Hooke

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29
Q

Uses lenses to focus light on a specimen to produce an image

A

Light Microscopy

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30
Q

Produce a DARK image on a bright background

A

Brightfield

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31
Q

Total magnification =

A

ocular magnification x objective magnification

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32
Q

_____ scatters the light rays

A

air

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33
Q

_____ can be used to fill the space between the specimen and an oil immersion lens

A

oil

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34
Q

Oil has the refractive index very similar to

A

glass

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35
Q

Oil increases the light collected and thus….

A

the resolution of the image

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36
Q

shows bright objects on a dark background

A

darkfield

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37
Q

use refraction and interference

A

phase contrast

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38
Q

phase contrast uses refraction and interference to create…

A

high contrast and high resolution images without staining

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39
Q

Use interference patterns to enhance contrast between different features of a specimen using two beams of light

A

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

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40
Q

Uses fluorochromes which are capable of absorbing energy from a light source then emits this energy as visible light

A

Fluorescence

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41
Q

Used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by observing whether antibodies bind to them

A

Immunofluorescence

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42
Q

Uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes successively

A

Confocal

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43
Q

_______ focuses electrons on the specimen using magnets producing much greater magnification that light microscopy

A

Electron Microscopy

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44
Q

______ uses short wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution

A

Electron microscopy

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45
Q

_____ microscopy cannot be used on living material because of the methods needed to prepare the specimens

A

electron microscopy

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46
Q

___ requires that the beam and specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen be very thin

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

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47
Q

_____ microscope form images of surfaces of specimens

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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48
Q

____ microscopy produces images of even greater magnification by measuring feedback from sharp probes that interact with the specimen

A

scanning probe microscopy

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49
Q

these two microscopes observe individual atoms on surfaces

A

Scanning tunneling microscope
AND
Atomic force microscope

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50
Q

Properly prepared slide samples for a microscope require

A

Smear , heat fix then stain

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51
Q

Also known as acid stains—
absorbed by the background not by the negatively charged cell

A

Negative stains

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52
Q

___ stains produces a silhouette of the organisms against a colorful background

A

negative stains

53
Q

Also known as basic stains—- stick to the cell walls of negative charged cells

A

Positive stains

54
Q

Types of staining include

A

Simple – one stain
Differential — two stains

55
Q

Life arose from nonliving matter

A

spontaneous generation

56
Q

This person disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment

A

Louis Pasteur

57
Q

This person proposed that life only comes from life

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

This person came up with cell theory (cork under microscope)

A

Robert Hooke

59
Q

This person popularized the concept of cell theory (all cells arise from cells)

A

Rudolf Virchow

60
Q

________ theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their origins in bacteria. Significant structural and genetic information support this theory

A

Endosymbiotic theory

61
Q

This person created the hypothesis that eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) of of prokaryotic origin (they were once bacteria)

A

Lynn Margulis

62
Q

Germ theory of disease is

A

diseases may result from microbial infection

63
Q

This person created the foundation of the germ theory (diseases may result from microbial infection)

A

Louis Pasteur

64
Q

this person began using carbolic acid (phenol) spray disinfectant/antiseptic during surgery

A

Joseph Lister

65
Q

this person proposed a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe

A

Robert Koch

66
Q

_____ ______ occurs because of differences in the concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable membrane

A

osmotic pressure

67
Q

Prokaryotic cells may contain extrachromosomal DNA in _________ which often carry genes that confer advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance.

A

Plasmids

68
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) have a size of

A

70S

69
Q

Clinically significant Gram-positive bacteria that can from endospores

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

70
Q

Cell envelope=

A

plasma membrane+cell wall

71
Q

____ _____ are composed of phospholipids

A

plasma membranes

72
Q

prokaryotic cell walls may be composed of________ (found only in bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

73
Q

Gram positive bacterial cells are characterized by a ______ peptidoglycan layer

A

thick

74
Q

Gram negative bacterial cells are characterized by a ______ peptidoglycan layer

A

thin

75
Q

_______ (more organized) contribute to a microbe’s pathogenicity ( ability to cause disease) because the it can make it more difficult for phagocytic cells (WBC) to engulf and kill them

A

Capsules

76
Q

_____ are typically more numerous and shorter

A

fimbriae

77
Q

______ are larger and less numerous than fimbriae

A

pili

78
Q

flagella that cover the entire surface of bacterial cell

A

Peritrichous

79
Q

One end of the cell (polar)

A

Monotrichous

80
Q

flagellum of tufts of flagella at each end

A

amphitrichous

81
Q

flagella with tuft at one end of the cell

A

lophotrichous

82
Q

________ cells have a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotic

83
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain _______ ribosomes

A

80S

84
Q

________ ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

70S

85
Q

________ system: membrane bound organelles involved in transport

A

Endomembrane

86
Q

An interconnected array of tubules and cisternae
(part of endomembrane system)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

87
Q

Lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

88
Q

Contains membrane bound 80S ribosomes that synthesize proteins

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

______ ______ processes proteins and lipids

A

golgi apparatus

90
Q

_____ contain digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

91
Q

_____ are the site of cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

92
Q

In addition to active transport and passive transport eukaryotic cell membranes can take material in to the cell via _______or expel matter from the cell via ______

A

endocytosis
exocytosis

93
Q

Cell eating

A

phagocytosis

94
Q

cell drinking

A

pinocytosis

95
Q

fungi, algae, plants and some protists have a ____ ___

A

cell wall

96
Q

types of cell walls include

A

cellulose (fungi and plants)
chitin (fungi)

97
Q

Three domains of life

A

Archaea Bacteria and Eukarya

98
Q

_____ and _____ are unicellular prokaryotic organisms

A

archaea and bacteria

99
Q

_______ are unicellular microorganisms whose cells have no nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes

100
Q

______ the totality of forms of prokaryotes (particularly bacteria) living on the human which varies between regions of the body and individuals and changes over time

A

Microbiome

101
Q

_____ the totality of forms of prokaryotes living in a certain region of the human body

A

Microbiota

102
Q

Two types of microbiota are

A

resident microbiota
transient microbiota

103
Q

_____ microbiota constantly live in or on our bodies

A

resident

104
Q

____ microbiota temporarily found in the human body

A

transient

105
Q

_______ colonization during vaginal child birth
higher incidence of diseases in babies born by c section compared to those born vaginally

A

Lactobacillus

106
Q

Bacteria have been traditionally classified into

A

Gram positive bacteria

107
Q

Gram positive bacteria are classified into

A

low guanine and cytosine
high guanine and cytosine

108
Q

Gram negative bacteria are classified

A

Spirochetes
Proteobacteria
Atypcial bacteria
Mycoplasma
SPAM

109
Q

Proteobacteria are further classified into the classes

A

alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon

110
Q

Rickettsia
R.rickettsii causes

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever spread by ticks

111
Q

Betaproteobacteria include and cause

A

-Neisseria
-N. gonorrhoeae- causes STI gonorrhea
-N. meningitides- causes bacterial meningitis
-Bordetella pertussis- causes pertussis (whooping cough)

112
Q

Are the larges and the most diverse group of proteobacteria

A

Gammaproteobacteria

113
Q

often infects wounds and burns

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

114
Q

______ does not cause influenza. It can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections including sinusitis, bronchitis, ear infections and pneumonia

A

H. influenzae

115
Q

Causes cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

116
Q

causes serious and potentially life threatening celluitus

A

V. vulnificus

117
Q

Enteric bacteria include

A

Escherichia coli: the most studied bacterium

Salmonella: causes typhoid fever

Shigella

Yersinia pestis

118
Q

The most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach and duodenum, also linked to stomach cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori

119
Q

Spiral bacteria with a long narrow body

A

Spirochetes

120
Q

_____ contain human pathogens that cause diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease

A

Spirochetes

121
Q

_____ is a group categorized by their ability to use the energy of sunlight

A

CFB
(cytophaga, fusobacterium, and bacterioides)

122
Q

______ are oxygen- producing bacteria thought to have played a critical role in the forming of the earths atmosphere.

A

Cyanobacteria

123
Q

Causes diphtheria, produces a toxin that forms a pseudomembrane in the patient’s throat, causing swelling, and difficulty breathing

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

124
Q

______ ______ can cause bacterial vaginosis in women

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

125
Q

_______: bacilli covered with a mycolic acid coat. This waxy coat protects the bacteria from some antibiotics

A

Mycobacterium

126
Q

______: causes tuberculosis (TB)

A

M.tuberculosis

127
Q

_______: causes leprosy

A

M.leprae

128
Q
A

BIOL 2402 (9 decks)

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