Exam #4

Question 1

What is the basic function of a nephron?

Answer 1

Make urine

Question 2

Where are the kidneys located

Answer 2

Retroperitoneal
Lie against posterior abdominal wall

Question 3

What are the 2 different types of nephrons

Answer 3

Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron

Question 4

85% of all nephrons
have SHORT nephron loops

Answer 4

Cortical nephrons

Question 5

15% of all nephrons
have LONG nephron loops

Answer 5

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 6

Which nephron helps to maintain salinity gradient in medulla and helps to maintain water?

Answer 6

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 7

what are the components of a renal corpuscle?

Answer 7

glomerulus
glomerular (bowman) capsule
capsular space

Question 8

what is the filtration membrane made of

Answer 8

fenestrated endothelium
basement membrane
podocytes with filtration slits

Question 9

what are the types of cells that line the PCT

Answer 9

simple cuboidal epithelia

Question 10

what is the main function of the PCT

Answer 10

reabsorption of all organic nutrients

Question 11

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 11

control afferent arteries

Question 12

patch of slender epithelia cells at the end of the nephron loop ( beginning of DCT)
senses variations in flow or fluid composition

Answer 12

macula densa

Question 12

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus composed of

Answer 12

macula densa and JG cells

Question 13

enlarged smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole
when stimulated by the macula they dilate or constrict the arterioles
also contain renin

Answer 13

JG cells

Question 14

JG cells contract to constrict afferent arterioles when GFR is

Answer 14

high

Question 15

Macula densa relaxed afferent arterioles if GFR is

Answer 15

low

Question 16

What does glomerular filtrate contain

Answer 16

organic nutrients
( sodium water and other ions)

Question 17

What is GFR

Answer 17

amount of filtrate formed per min by the two kidneys combined

Question 18

what are the 3 forces affecting glomerular filtration

Answer 18

glomerular hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 19

What are the two methods of autoregulation of the GFR

Answer 19

myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 20

seminal vesicles form what percentage of semen

Answer 20

60%

Question 21

prostate gland forms what percentage of semen

Answer 21

30%

Question 22

What is cryptorchidism

Answer 22

boys born with undescended testis

Question 23

why are testis located outside of the body?

Answer 23

to maintain cooler temperature for sperm production

Question 24

Penis is homologous to

Answer 24

clitoris

Question 25

scrotum is homologus to

Answer 25

labia majora

Question 26

what are the two muscles associated with the scrotum

Answer 26

dartos muscle and cremaster muscle

Question 27

what is the dartos muscle responsible for

Answer 27

contracts to wrinkle scrotum and move testes closer to the body relaxes for cooling

Question 28

what is the cremaster muscle for

Answer 28

draws the testes closer to the body for warmth when cold relaxes for cooling

Question 29

what are the functions of sustentacular cells (nurse cells)

Answer 29

protect germ cells and promote their development germ cells depend on nurse cells for nutrients waste removal growth factors

Question 30

what are the functions of Interstitial cells

Answer 30

produce testosterone when stimulated by LH

Question 31

what are the 3 erectile tissues found in the penis

Answer 31

corpus spongiosum 2 corpus cavernosum (1 on each side of the urethra)

Question 32

what are the two hormones that have their effect on the testes

Answer 32

LH FSH

Question 33

what does LH activate

Answer 33

interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Question 34

what does FSH activate

Answer 34

ABP

Question 35

how many functional sperm are created from one spermatogonium

Answer 35

50-120 milllion/ mL

Question 36

what are the different parts of a sperm

Answer 36

head acrosomal cap midpiece tail

Question 37

2 requirements for sperm mobility is called and includes

Answer 37

Called capacitation requires elevated pH energy source

Question 38

what is the primary female sex organ

Answer 38

ovaries

Question 39

what is the secondary female sex organ

Answer 39

other internal and external genitalia

Question 40

what is the pathway take by and oocyte from the ovary through the vagina

Answer 40

ovary fallopian tube uterus

Question 41

what is the role of a polar body

Answer 41

used to store the extra 23 chromosomes

Question 42

what is the fate of a polar body

Answer 42

eventually will die

Question 43

what hormone triggers ovulation

Answer 43

LH

Question 44

what hormone is produced by the follicle and stimulates secondary female charicteristics

Answer 44

estradiol

Question 45

what hormone is produced by the corpus luteum

Answer 45

progesterone

Question 46

what hormone is produced once the zygote gets implanted

Answer 46

hCG

Question 47

stimulates developing ovarian follicles and they begin to secrete estrogen and progesterone inhibin and a small amount of androgen

Answer 47

FSH

Question 48

The vasa recta is found next to

Answer 48

the nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 49

Efferent sites will constrict in the presence of

Answer 49

ANP and AT II

Question 50

the bladder is lined with what kind of epi

Answer 50

transitional epithelia

Question 51

ADH in the DCT will cause the creation of

Answer 51

Aquaporins

Question 52

which hormone will help stop water loss

Answer 52

ADH

Question 52

where would you find vasa recta

Answer 52

in the juxtamedullary nephron

Question 53

what is the target cell for aldosterone?

Answer 53

DCT and collecting duct

Question 54

what does aldosterone do

Answer 54

makes sodium potassium pumps

Question 55

what is an aquaporin

Answer 55

water channel

Question 56

reabsorb water in what limb

Answer 56

descending

Question 57

reabsorb salt in what limb

Answer 57

ascending