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BIOL 2402 > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic function of a nephron?

A

Make urine

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

Retroperitoneal
Lie against posterior abdominal wall

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3
Q

What are the 2 different types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron

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4
Q

85% of all nephrons
have SHORT nephron loops

A

Cortical nephrons

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5
Q

15% of all nephrons
have LONG nephron loops

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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6
Q

Which nephron helps to maintain salinity gradient in medulla and helps to maintain water?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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7
Q

what are the components of a renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus
glomerular (bowman) capsule
capsular space

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8
Q

what is the filtration membrane made of

A

fenestrated endothelium
basement membrane
podocytes with filtration slits

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9
Q

what are the types of cells that line the PCT

A

simple cuboidal epithelia

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10
Q

what is the main function of the PCT

A

reabsorption of all organic nutrients

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11
Q

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

control afferent arteries

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12
Q

patch of slender epithelia cells at the end of the nephron loop ( beginning of DCT)
senses variations in flow or fluid composition

A

macula densa

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12
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus composed of

A

macula densa and JG cells

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13
Q

enlarged smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole
when stimulated by the macula they dilate or constrict the arterioles
also contain renin

A

JG cells

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14
Q

JG cells contract to constrict afferent arterioles when GFR is

A

high

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15
Q

Macula densa relaxed afferent arterioles if GFR is

A

low

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16
Q

What does glomerular filtrate contain

A

organic nutrients
( sodium water and other ions)

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17
Q

What is GFR

A

amount of filtrate formed per min by the two kidneys combined

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18
Q

what are the 3 forces affecting glomerular filtration

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure

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19
Q

What are the two methods of autoregulation of the GFR

A

myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback

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20
Q

seminal vesicles form what percentage of semen

A

60%

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21
Q

prostate gland forms what percentage of semen

A

30%

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22
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

boys born with undescended testis

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23
Q

why are testis located outside of the body?

A

to maintain cooler temperature for sperm production

24
Q

Penis is homologous to

A

clitoris

25
Q

scrotum is homologus to

A

labia majora

26
Q

what are the two muscles associated with the scrotum

A

dartos muscle and
cremaster muscle

27
Q

what is the dartos muscle responsible for

A

contracts to wrinkle scrotum and move testes closer to the body
relaxes for cooling

28
Q

what is the cremaster muscle for

A

draws the testes closer to the body for warmth when cold
relaxes for cooling

29
Q

what are the functions of sustentacular cells (nurse cells)

A

protect germ cells and promote their development
germ cells depend on nurse cells for
nutrients
waste removal
growth factors

30
Q

what are the functions of Interstitial cells

A

produce testosterone when stimulated by LH

31
Q

what are the 3 erectile tissues found in the penis

A

corpus spongiosum
2 corpus cavernosum
(1 on each side of the urethra)

32
Q

what are the two hormones that have their effect on the testes

A

LH
FSH

33
Q

what does LH activate

A

interstitial cells to produce testosterone

34
Q

what does FSH activate

A

ABP

35
Q

how many functional sperm are created from one spermatogonium

A

50-120 milllion/ mL

36
Q

what are the different parts of a sperm

A

head
acrosomal cap
midpiece
tail

37
Q

2 requirements for sperm mobility is called and includes

A

Called capacitation

requires
elevated pH
energy source

38
Q

what is the primary female sex organ

A

ovaries

39
Q

what is the secondary female sex organ

A

other internal and external genitalia

40
Q

what is the pathway take by and oocyte from the ovary through the vagina

A

ovary
fallopian tube
uterus

41
Q

what is the role of a polar body

A

used to store the extra 23 chromosomes

42
Q

what is the fate of a polar body

A

eventually will die

43
Q

what hormone triggers ovulation

A

LH

44
Q

what hormone is produced by the follicle and stimulates secondary female charicteristics

A

estradiol

45
Q

what hormone is produced by the corpus luteum

A

progesterone

46
Q

what hormone is produced once the zygote gets implanted

A

hCG

47
Q

stimulates developing ovarian follicles and they begin to secrete estrogen and progesterone inhibin and a small amount of androgen

A

FSH

48
Q

The vasa recta is found next to

A

the nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons

49
Q

Efferent sites will constrict in the presence of

A

ANP and AT II

50
Q

the bladder is lined with what kind of epi

A

transitional epithelia

51
Q

ADH in the DCT will cause the creation of

A

Aquaporins

52
Q

which hormone will help stop water loss

A

ADH

52
Q

where would you find vasa recta

A

in the juxtamedullary nephron

53
Q

what is the target cell for aldosterone?

A

DCT and collecting duct

54
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

makes sodium potassium pumps

55
Q

what is an aquaporin

A

water channel

56
Q

reabsorb water in what limb

A

descending

57
Q

reabsorb salt in what limb

A

ascending

BIOL 2402 (9 decks)

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