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BIOL 2402 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different epithelial types found in the respiratory system

A

Starts out as psuedostratified ciliated columnar epi
Then goes too…

simple ciliated columnar
simple cuboidal
simple squamous

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2
Q

The larynx and above is considered

A

The upper respiratory system

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3
Q

Main functions of the nose are to

A

warm clean and humidify inhaled air
detect odors and amplifies voice

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4
Q

Main function of the larynx

A

keep food and drink out of airway

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5
Q

2 layers of simple squamous epithelia with basil laminae between

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

What environmental factors affect hemoglobin

A

Temperature
pH
Metabolic activity of RBC
O2 of blood

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7
Q

Hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right and more oxygen is released when

A

pH drops or temperature rises

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8
Q

Less oxygen is released and hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the left when

A

pH rises or temperature drops

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9
Q

Binds 210 times as tightly as oxygen

A

CO
carbon monoxide

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10
Q

Average pH

A

7,4

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11
Q

Primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

A

Ventral Respiratory Group
VRG

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12
Q

Modifies the rate and depth of breathing

A

Dorsal respiratory Group
DRG

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13
Q

Modifies rhythm of the VRG by outputs to both the VRG and DRG

A

Pontine respiratory Group

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14
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

Generate movement

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15
Q

What is the function of goblet cells

A

glands that produce mucous

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16
Q

Name for chewing

A

Mastication

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17
Q

semi digested food in the stomach is called

A

chyme

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18
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestine phase

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19
Q

What is the difference between bolus and chyme

A

Food is bolus until it enters the stomach

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20
Q

is the compliment system specific or non specific

A

non specific

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21
Q

How do NK cells kill

A
  1. Preforin molecules create holes
  2. Granzymes disrupt metabolism
  3. activate apoptosis
    (programmed cell death)
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22
Q

How is compliment system activated?

A

1st have and antibody that is stuck to an antigen
2nd C1 is going to float in and sit next to that complex which calls in additional proteins. Those proteins will create MAC

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23
Q

What is the basic funtion of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid recovery
Immunity
Lipid abosorption

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24
Q

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct empty into

A

subclavian veins on each side

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25
Q

Develops t cells and secrets hormones

A

Thymus

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26
Q

Clean and filter lymph
site of B cell activation

A

Lymph nodes

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27
Q

Filters blood

A

Spleen

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28
Q

Upper respiratory system is formed by

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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29
Q

Warms cleanses and humidifies warm air
detects odors and amplifies voice

A

Nose

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30
Q

Keeps food and drink out of airway

A

Larynx

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31
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Inverse relationship between pressure and volume

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32
Q

When the diaphram is contracted is it flat or curved

A

flat

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33
Q

Phrenic nerve is composed of

A

C3 C4 C5 keep the diaphram alive

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34
Q

Oxygen transports in the blood using

A

hemoglobin
98.5 % hemoglobin
1.5 % dissolved in plasma

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35
Q

Carbon dioxide transport in blood

A

70% as bicarbonate ion in plasma
23% bound to hemoglobin
7% dissolved in plasma

36
Q

Causes movement in the respiratory system

A

cilia

37
Q

Glands that create mucous

A

goblet cells

38
Q

What are the epithelial types found along the digestive tract

A

Mucosa epi
Submucosa
Muscularis externa (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer)
serosa

39
Q

What are the two classes of MHC proteins

A

Class 1 and class 2

40
Q

Where do you find a Class 1 MHC protein

A

Found in membrane of all nucleated cells

41
Q

Where do you find a class 2 MHC protein

A

Found in membranes of antigen presenting cells (APC’S)
Found in lymphocytes
only found in killer cells

42
Q

Tissues and processes used to fight off pathogens

A

Immune system

43
Q

Environmental agents capable of producing disease

A

Pathogens

44
Q

Nonspecific defense includes

A

skin
acid mantle
hair
secretions
macrophages
leukocytes
fever
inflammation
compliment system (MAC)

45
Q

Specific defense includes

A

Cell mediated and Humoral defense

46
Q

B cells are humoral or cell mediated

A

Humoral

47
Q

T cells are humoral or cell mediated

A

Cell mediated

48
Q

Which cells form memory cells

A

Tc Cells T helper cells AND B cells
Formed for future infections

49
Q

A protein produced agains a particular antigen

A

Antibodies

50
Q

Found in body fluids
also called immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

51
Q

Needs to have a bad antigen tied to a class 1 MHC molecule to be activated

A

Tc Cell

52
Q

Activated by MHC class 2 with a bad antigen
Clones itself and makes copies (some stored others activated)
Finish off the activation of B cells to create antibodies

A

Th cells
(Helper T cells)
The cheerleader

53
Q

Shuts down everything after about 2 weeks after antibodies have been developed (so immune system doesnt go crazy)

A

Ts cells
(supressor cells)

54
Q

What kind of epithelia makes up for a majority of the respiratory tract

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelia

55
Q

Cilia always beats towards the

A

Pharynx

56
Q

How many secondary bronchi do we have on the left and how many on the right side

A

2 on the left and 3 on the right

57
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A

2 layers of simple squamous epithelia with basil lamina in between to help them stick together
this allows for quick gas exchange

58
Q

What are the three types of alveolar cells

A

Squamous alveolar cells
surfactant alveolar cells
alveolar macrohages

59
Q

Alveolar cells that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing

A

Surfactant alveolar cells

60
Q

Alveolar cells that collect dust

A

Alveolar macrophages

61
Q

Alveolar cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion

A

Squamous alveolar cells

62
Q

The law that states that pressure is inversely related to volume

A

Boyles law

63
Q

When the diaphragm is relaxed is domed or flat

A

domed

64
Q

What is the average atmospheric pressure measured in mm of mercury

A

760 mm

65
Q

The law that states that each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its number of molecules (partial pressures of each gas) is

A

Daltons Law

66
Q

What is the law that states that the amount of gas in a solution is proportional to the amount of partial pressure

A

Henry’s law

67
Q

What does oxygen bind to, to transport

A

Binds to iron in hemoglobin

68
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide’s reaction with H2O

A

carbonic anhydrase

69
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located

A

Aortic arch common carotid and the medulla oblongata

70
Q

What is the starch enzyme called

A

Amylase

71
Q

What is the name of the protein enzyme

A

Protease

72
Q

What is the function of the two capillary beds in the hepatic portal system

A

First capillary picks up the nutrients
Second capillary drops off nutrients

73
Q

Where does peristalsis begin

A

In the esophagus

74
Q

Where are the two capillary beds located in the hepatic system

A

First capillary in the stomach and small intestines
Second capillary in the liver

75
Q

Secrete mucus in the digestive system

A

Mucous cells

76
Q

Secrete HCI hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

77
Q

Secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

78
Q

What are the things that contribute to chemical digestion in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

79
Q

Without this you will not be able to absorb B12 in the digestive system (this is secreted by Parietal cells)

A

Intrinsic factor

80
Q

B12 deficiency causes what kind of anemia

A

Pernicious anemia

81
Q

Stimulates ducts of both liver and pancreas to secrete more sodium bicarbonate

A

Secretin

82
Q

where is secretin released from

A

duodenum

83
Q

what does cck do

A

Stimulates pancreatic acini to secrete enzymes
Stimulates gallbladder
Causes contractions of gallbladder
causes relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter causing discharge of bile into. duodenum

84
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase

A

Vagus nerve activated
Release ACh
Activate mucous cells
Start releasing pepsinogen HCL

aka prepare the stomach

85
Q

What happens during the gastric phase

A

Stomach tissue stretches
Create more mucous for HCI and pepsinogen
Activate muscles

chemical and mechanical digestion

86
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase

A

sphincter opens and allows chyme into the intestines

87
Q

the act of moving a bolus through the digestive tract
begins in esophagus

A

peristalsis

BIOL 2402 (9 decks)

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