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BIOL 2402 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different epithelial types found in the respiratory system

A

Starts out as psuedostratified ciliated columnar epi
Then goes too…

simple ciliated columnar
simple cuboidal
simple squamous

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2
Q

The larynx and above is considered

A

The upper respiratory system

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3
Q

Main functions of the nose are to

A

warm clean and humidify inhaled air
detect odors and amplifies voice

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4
Q

Main function of the larynx

A

keep food and drink out of airway

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5
Q

2 layers of simple squamous epithelia with basil laminae between

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

What environmental factors affect hemoglobin

A

Temperature
pH
Metabolic activity of RBC
O2 of blood

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7
Q

Hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the right and more oxygen is released when

A

pH drops or temperature rises

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8
Q

Less oxygen is released and hemoglobin saturation curve shifts to the left when

A

pH rises or temperature drops

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9
Q

Binds 210 times as tightly as oxygen

A

CO
carbon monoxide

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10
Q

Average pH

A

7,4

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11
Q

Primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

A

Ventral Respiratory Group
VRG

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12
Q

Modifies the rate and depth of breathing

A

Dorsal respiratory Group
DRG

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13
Q

Modifies rhythm of the VRG by outputs to both the VRG and DRG

A

Pontine respiratory Group

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14
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

Generate movement

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15
Q

What is the function of goblet cells

A

glands that produce mucous

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16
Q

Name for chewing

A

Mastication

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17
Q

semi digested food in the stomach is called

A

chyme

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18
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestine phase

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19
Q

What is the difference between bolus and chyme

A

Food is bolus until it enters the stomach

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20
Q

is the compliment system specific or non specific

A

non specific

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21
Q

How do NK cells kill

A
  1. Preforin molecules create holes
  2. Granzymes disrupt metabolism
  3. activate apoptosis
    (programmed cell death)
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22
Q

How is compliment system activated?

A

1st have and antibody that is stuck to an antigen
2nd C1 is going to float in and sit next to that complex which calls in additional proteins. Those proteins will create MAC

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23
Q

What is the basic funtion of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid recovery
Immunity
Lipid abosorption

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24
Q

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct empty into

A

subclavian veins on each side

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25
Develops t cells and secrets hormones
Thymus
26
Clean and filter lymph site of B cell activation
Lymph nodes
27
Filters blood
Spleen
28
Upper respiratory system is formed by
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
29
Warms cleanses and humidifies warm air detects odors and amplifies voice
Nose
30
Keeps food and drink out of airway
Larynx
31
Boyle's law
Inverse relationship between pressure and volume
32
When the diaphram is contracted is it flat or curved
flat
33
Phrenic nerve is composed of
C3 C4 C5 keep the diaphram alive
34
Oxygen transports in the blood using
hemoglobin 98.5 % hemoglobin 1.5 % dissolved in plasma
35
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
70% as bicarbonate ion in plasma 23% bound to hemoglobin 7% dissolved in plasma
36
Causes movement in the respiratory system
cilia
37
Glands that create mucous
goblet cells
38
What are the epithelial types found along the digestive tract
Mucosa epi Submucosa Muscularis externa (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer) serosa
39
What are the two classes of MHC proteins
Class 1 and class 2
40
Where do you find a Class 1 MHC protein
Found in membrane of all nucleated cells
41
Where do you find a class 2 MHC protein
Found in membranes of antigen presenting cells (APC'S) Found in lymphocytes only found in killer cells
42
Tissues and processes used to fight off pathogens
Immune system
43
Environmental agents capable of producing disease
Pathogens
44
Nonspecific defense includes
skin acid mantle hair secretions macrophages leukocytes fever inflammation compliment system (MAC)
45
Specific defense includes
Cell mediated and Humoral defense
46
B cells are humoral or cell mediated
Humoral
47
T cells are humoral or cell mediated
Cell mediated
48
Which cells form memory cells
Tc Cells T helper cells AND B cells Formed for future infections
49
A protein produced agains a particular antigen
Antibodies
50
Found in body fluids also called immunoglobulins
antibodies
51
Needs to have a bad antigen tied to a class 1 MHC molecule to be activated
Tc Cell
52
Activated by MHC class 2 with a bad antigen Clones itself and makes copies (some stored others activated) Finish off the activation of B cells to create antibodies
Th cells (Helper T cells) The cheerleader
53
Shuts down everything after about 2 weeks after antibodies have been developed (so immune system doesnt go crazy)
Ts cells (supressor cells)
54
What kind of epithelia makes up for a majority of the respiratory tract
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelia
55
Cilia always beats towards the
Pharynx
56
How many secondary bronchi do we have on the left and how many on the right side
2 on the left and 3 on the right
57
What is the respiratory membrane composed of?
2 layers of simple squamous epithelia with basil lamina in between to help them stick together this allows for quick gas exchange
58
What are the three types of alveolar cells
Squamous alveolar cells surfactant alveolar cells alveolar macrohages
59
Alveolar cells that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing
Surfactant alveolar cells
60
Alveolar cells that collect dust
Alveolar macrophages
61
Alveolar cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion
Squamous alveolar cells
62
The law that states that pressure is inversely related to volume
Boyles law
63
When the diaphragm is relaxed is domed or flat
domed
64
What is the average atmospheric pressure measured in mm of mercury
760 mm
65
The law that states that each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its number of molecules (partial pressures of each gas) is
Daltons Law
66
What is the law that states that the amount of gas in a solution is proportional to the amount of partial pressure
Henry's law
67
What does oxygen bind to, to transport
Binds to iron in hemoglobin
68
An enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide's reaction with H2O
carbonic anhydrase
69
Where are chemoreceptors located
Aortic arch common carotid and the medulla oblongata
70
What is the starch enzyme called
Amylase
71
What is the name of the protein enzyme
Protease
72
What is the function of the two capillary beds in the hepatic portal system
First capillary picks up the nutrients Second capillary drops off nutrients
73
Where does peristalsis begin
In the esophagus
74
Where are the two capillary beds located in the hepatic system
First capillary in the stomach and small intestines Second capillary in the liver
75
Secrete mucus in the digestive system
Mucous cells
76
Secrete HCI hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Parietal cells
77
Secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen
Chief cells
78
What are the things that contribute to chemical digestion in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
79
Without this you will not be able to absorb B12 in the digestive system (this is secreted by Parietal cells)
Intrinsic factor
80
B12 deficiency causes what kind of anemia
Pernicious anemia
81
Stimulates ducts of both liver and pancreas to secrete more sodium bicarbonate
Secretin
82
where is secretin released from
duodenum
83
what does cck do
Stimulates pancreatic acini to secrete enzymes Stimulates gallbladder Causes contractions of gallbladder causes relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter causing discharge of bile into. duodenum
84
What happens during the cephalic phase
Vagus nerve activated Release ACh Activate mucous cells Start releasing pepsinogen HCL aka prepare the stomach
85
What happens during the gastric phase
Stomach tissue stretches Create more mucous for HCI and pepsinogen Activate muscles chemical and mechanical digestion
86
What happens during the intestinal phase
sphincter opens and allows chyme into the intestines
87
the act of moving a bolus through the digestive tract begins in esophagus
peristalsis

BIOL 2402 (9 decks)

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