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BIOL 2402 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System helps to regulate long term processes such as

A

Growth
Development
Metabolism
Reproduction

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2
Q

Hormones are chemical messengers that are

A

transported by the bloodstream

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3
Q

What makes a target cell a target for a particular hormone?

A

The appropriate receptor

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4
Q

In most cases Endocrine reflexes are controlled by

A

negative feedback mechanisms

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5
Q

Functions of melatonin

A

Resets circadian rhythms
Inhibits reproductive functions
Serves as an antioxidant

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6
Q

Pineal Gland synthesizes the hormone

A

melatonin

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7
Q

Heart releases _____ which _____ blood volume and

A

ANP
Decreases blood volume and blood pressure

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8
Q

The Thymus serves as a site

A

of maturation of T cells
(important in immune defense)

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9
Q

The Thymus secrets hormones

A

Thymosin
Thymopeitin
Thymulin
that stimulate development of T lymphocytes

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10
Q

Alpha cells in the Endocrine portion of The pancreatic islets produces

A

glucagon

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11
Q

Beta cells in the Endocrine portion of the pancreatic islets produces

A

insulin

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12
Q

Used for digestive function in the Pancreatic Islets

A

Exocrine portion

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13
Q

Another name for pituitary gland is

A

hypophysis

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14
Q

The pituitary gland lies within the

A

sella turcica

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15
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by way of the

A

infundibulum

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16
Q

The anterior pituitary is also called

A

adenohypophysis

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17
Q

The posterior pituitary is also called

A

neurohypophysis

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18
Q

The hypothalamus secrets two hormones to the posterior of the pituitary gland called

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin (OT)

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19
Q

Sacs that compose most of thyroid are called

A

Thyroid Follicles

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20
Q

Where is Calcitonin produced

A

Thyroid gland

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21
Q

When is Calcitonin produced in the thyroid gland

A

During periods of hypercalcemia

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22
Q

What does calcitonin do to calcium levels?

A

Reduces blood calcium levels

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23
Q

Where is PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) produced

A

Chief Cells of the Parathyroid Gland

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24
Q

When is PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) secreted

A

During periods of Hypocalcemia

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25
Q

What does PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) do to calcium levels

A

Increases blood calcium levels

26
Q

What other hormone does PTH work with to change calcium levels? Where is this other hormone secreted from? Do they increase or decrease calcium?

A

Calcitriol
From the Kidneys
The work to increase blood calcium levels (PTH decreases calcium excreted in urine)

27
Q

What hormone does the Suprarenal (Adrenal) cortex secrete

A

Corticosteroids

28
Q

What hormones do the Suprarenal (Adrenal) medulla secrete (ANS)

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

29
Q

The Adrenal Cortex can be activated by

A

the hypothalamus/ anterior pituitary gland

30
Q

The Adrenal Medulla is activated by

A

Neural Stimulation

31
Q

Where is AT II made?

A

In the blood

32
Q

What happens when AT II is released into the blood stream

A

Raises blood pressure and blood volume.

33
Q

What does ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) do

A

Increases water retention
Reduces urine volume
Prevents dehydration
AKA vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriciton

34
Q

What does Oxytocin (OT) do

A

Hormone released during sexual arousal and orgasm
Stimulates labor contractions during birth
Stimulates flow of milk during lactation
Promotes bonding between partners and mother and infant

35
Q

What secrets ADH and OT

A

Hypothalamus

36
Q

Secretory activities of the Suprarenal (Adrenal) medulla are controlled by

A

Sympathetic division of the ANS

37
Q

The suprarenal (adrenal) medulla produce

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

38
Q

The adrenal cortex can be activated by

A

the hypothalamus/ anterior pituitary gland

39
Q

the adrenal medulla is NOT activated by the hypothalamus/ anterior pituitary gland but activated by

A

neural stimulation

40
Q

Mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona

A

glomerulosa

41
Q

Example of mineralocorticoid:

A

Aldosterone

42
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Conserves salt (Na+)
Eliminates K+
Is activated when Na+ blood volume or blood pressure drops or blood K+ rises.

43
Q

this zona produces glucocorticoids

A

zona fasciculata

44
Q

Example of glucocorticoids made in zona fasciculata

A

cortisol / corticosterone

45
Q

What does cortisol/ corticosterone do

A

speeds up glucose synthesis
anti inflammatory effects
converted by liver to cortisone
Inhibitory effect on CRH/ACTH prod.

46
Q

Androgens are produced in what zona

A

Zona reticularis

47
Q

what do androgens produced in zona reticularis do

A

male secondary sex characteristics

48
Q

what is the hypophysial portal system

A

Artery-> capillary-> vein-> capillary->vein

49
Q

Does the posterior pituitary need the portal system

A

NO

50
Q

Hormones can be divided into three groups what are the names?

A

Amino acid DERIVATIVES
Peptide/Protein hormones
Lipid derivatives (steroid hormones)

51
Q

Which two of the three groups of hormones love water/ water soluble?

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide/protein hormones

52
Q

Name a transport protein that is made in the liver :)

A

Albumin

53
Q

What makes a lipid derivative (Steroid hormone) capable of transporting in a water environment?

A

transport protein which serves as an outside layer of protection (albumin)

54
Q

Where can hormone receptors be located

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

55
Q

Receptors in the endocrine system are _______ receptors NOT ionotropic receptors

A

metabotropic

56
Q

What is the function of a G protein?

A

Activates Adenylate Cyclase

57
Q

What is the function of Adenylate Cyclase

A

Converts ATP into cAMP which activates Kinase

58
Q

What do lipophilic hormones do?

A

Turn on Gene activation followed by protein synthesis

59
Q

What are the three phases of the stress response

A

Alarm phase
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase

In that order

60
Q

What does EPO do and where is it made

A

Made in kidneys
Increases red blood cell count which increases oxygen in blood stream

BIOL 2402 (9 decks)

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