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AP Psych > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is hindsight bias

A

The tendency to think you knew it all along

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2
Q

What is the tendency to think you knew it all along called

A

Hindsight bias

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3
Q

What is applied research

A

Research that has clear practical applications

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4
Q

What is research that has clear practical applications called

A

Applied research

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5
Q

What is basic research

A

Research that explores questions of interest but is not intended to have immediate real-world applications

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6
Q

What is research that explores questions of interest but is not intended to have immediate real-world applications called

A

Basic research

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7
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A relationship between two variables

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8
Q

What is a relationship between two variables called

A

A hypothesis

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9
Q

What is a theory

A

Something that aims to explain some phenomenon

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10
Q

What is something that aims to explain some phenomenon called

A

A theory

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11
Q

How do you operationalize a variable

A

By explaining how it will be measured
(ex. what is considered violent)

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12
Q

Explaining how something is measured is called a what

A

Operational definition

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13
Q

What indicates valid research

A

When it measures what the research set out to measure

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14
Q

When research measures what it’s set out to measure it is…

A

Valid

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15
Q

What indicates reliable research

A

When it can be replicated

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16
Q

When research can be replicated it is…

A

Reliable

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17
Q

When research does not measure what it’s set out to measure it is…

A

Invalid

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18
Q

When research cannot be replicated it is…

A

Unreliable

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19
Q

What is sampling

A

The process of which participants are selected

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20
Q

What is the process of which participants are selected called

A

Sampling

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21
Q

What is the population

A

Anyone that could be selected to be in the sample

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22
Q

Anyone that could be selected to be in the sample is called…

A

The population

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23
Q

What is random selection

A

When every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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24
Q

When every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected it is called…

A

Random selection

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25
What is stratified sampling
Representative sampling based on a specific criteria (ex. sampling genders proportionate to the population)
26
Representative sampling based on a specific criteria is called...
Stratified sampling
27
Were are lab experiments conducted in
A lab or any highly controlled environment
28
An experiment conducted in a lab or any highly controlled environment is called a...
Lab experiment
29
Where are field experiments conducted in
Out in the world
30
An experiment conducted out in the world is called a...
Field experiment
31
What is a confounding variable
Any difference between experimental and control conditions that may affect the dependent variable (except the independent variable)
32
Any difference between experimental and control conditions that may affect the dependent variable (except the independent variable) is called a...
Confounding variable
33
What is random assignment
Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group
34
Each participant having an equal chance of being placed into any group is called...
Random assignment
35
What is group matching
Dividing samples into groups and then randomly assigning half of each group to a condition
36
Dividing samples into groups and then randomly assigning half of each group to a condition is called...
Group matching
37
What is experimenter bias
The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis
38
The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis is called...
Experimenter bias
39
What is a double-blind procedure
When neither the participants nor researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research
40
When neither the participants nor researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research it is called a...
Double-blind procedure
41
What is a single-blind procedure
When only the participants don't know which group they have been assigned to
42
When only the participants don't know which group they have been assigned to it is called a...
Single-blind procedure
43
What is response/subject bias
The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways
44
The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways is called...
Response/subject bias
45
What is social desirability
The tendency to try to give answers that reflect well upon an individual
46
The tendency to try to give answers that reflect well upon an individual is called...
Social desirability
47
What is the Hawthorne effect
Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment on affects the performance of that group
48
Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment on affecting the performance of that group is called the...
Hawthorne effect
49
What is counterbalancing
Using participants as their own control group
50
Using participants as their own control group is called...
Counterbalancing
51
What is a correlation
A relationship between two variables without ascribing cause
52
A relationship between two variables without ascribing cause is called a...
Correlation
53
What is an ex post facto study
When the independent variable has already happened or can't be changed
54
When the independent variable has already happened or can't be changed it is called an...
Ex post facto study
55
What is naturalistic observation
Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all
56
Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all is called...
Naturalistic observation
57
What is a case study
A study used to get a full detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants
58
A study used to get a full detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants is called a...
Case study
59
How do you find the mean
By adding up all scores and dividing by the number of scores
60
By adding up all scores and dividing by the number of scores you find the...
Mean
61
How do you find the median
By writing all scores in ascending/descending order and finding the middle score
62
By writing all scores in ascending/descending order and finding the middle score you find the...
Median
63
How do you find the mode
By finding the score(s) that appear(s) most frequently
64
By finding the score(s) that appear(s) most frequently you find the...
Mode
65
What is an outlier
An extreme score that skews a distribution
66
An extreme score that skews a distribution is called an...
Outlier
67
How do you find the range
By finding the distance between the highest and lowest score
68
By finding the distance between the highest and lowest score you find the...
Range
69
How do you find the standard deviation
By squaring the variance
70
By squaring the variance you find the...
Standard deviation
71
Does a +1 indicate a positive or negative correlation
Positive
72
Does a -1 indicate a positive or negative correlation
Negative
73
A negative correlation is indicated by...
-1
74
A positive correlation is indicated by...
+1
75
What does a 0 indicate in terms of correlation
No correlation
76
No correlation is indicated by...
0
77
What does a scatter plot do
Graphs pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis
78
What is a graph that graphs pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis called
Scatter plot
79
What is the line of best fit/regression line
Line drawn through scatter plot minimizing the distance of all points from the line
80
The line drawn through a scatter plot minimizing the distance of all points from the line is called...
The line of best fit/regression line
81
What is a sampling error
When the sample differs from the population
82
When the sample differs from the population it is called a...
Sampling error
83
What is the p value
The probability that the difference between groups is due to chance
84
The probability that the difference between groups is due to chance is called the...
p value
85
What is the p value cutoff for statistically significant results
0.05 (5%)

AP Psych (14 decks)

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