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AP Psych > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hindsight bias

A

The tendency to think you knew it all along

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2
Q

What is the tendency to think you knew it all along called

A

Hindsight bias

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3
Q

What is applied research

A

Research that has clear practical applications

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4
Q

What is research that has clear practical applications called

A

Applied research

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5
Q

What is basic research

A

Research that explores questions of interest but is not intended to have immediate real-world applications

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6
Q

What is research that explores questions of interest but is not intended to have immediate real-world applications called

A

Basic research

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7
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A relationship between two variables

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8
Q

What is a relationship between two variables called

A

A hypothesis

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9
Q

What is a theory

A

Something that aims to explain some phenomenon

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10
Q

What is something that aims to explain some phenomenon called

A

A theory

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11
Q

How do you operationalize a variable

A

By explaining how it will be measured
(ex. what is considered violent)

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12
Q

Explaining how something is measured is called a what

A

Operational definition

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13
Q

What indicates valid research

A

When it measures what the research set out to measure

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14
Q

When research measures what it’s set out to measure it is…

A

Valid

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15
Q

What indicates reliable research

A

When it can be replicated

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16
Q

When research can be replicated it is…

A

Reliable

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17
Q

When research does not measure what it’s set out to measure it is…

A

Invalid

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18
Q

When research cannot be replicated it is…

A

Unreliable

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19
Q

What is sampling

A

The process of which participants are selected

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20
Q

What is the process of which participants are selected called

A

Sampling

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21
Q

What is the population

A

Anyone that could be selected to be in the sample

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22
Q

Anyone that could be selected to be in the sample is called…

A

The population

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23
Q

What is random selection

A

When every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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24
Q

When every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected it is called…

A

Random selection

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25
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Representative sampling based on a specific criteria (ex. sampling genders proportionate to the population)

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26
Q

Representative sampling based on a specific criteria is called…

A

Stratified sampling

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27
Q

Were are lab experiments conducted in

A

A lab or any highly controlled environment

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28
Q

An experiment conducted in a lab or any highly controlled environment is called a…

A

Lab experiment

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29
Q

Where are field experiments conducted in

A

Out in the world

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30
Q

An experiment conducted out in the world is called a…

A

Field experiment

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31
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

Any difference between experimental and control conditions that may affect the dependent variable (except the independent variable)

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32
Q

Any difference between experimental and control conditions that may affect the dependent variable (except the independent variable) is called a…

A

Confounding variable

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33
Q

What is random assignment

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group

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34
Q

Each participant having an equal chance of being placed into any group is called…

A

Random assignment

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35
Q

What is group matching

A

Dividing samples into groups and then randomly assigning half of each group to a condition

36
Q

Dividing samples into groups and then randomly assigning half of each group to a condition is called…

A

Group matching

37
Q

What is experimenter bias

A

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis

38
Q

The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis is called…

A

Experimenter bias

39
Q

What is a double-blind procedure

A

When neither the participants nor researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research

40
Q

When neither the participants nor researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research it is called a…

A

Double-blind procedure

41
Q

What is a single-blind procedure

A

When only the participants don’t know which group they have been assigned to

42
Q

When only the participants don’t know which group they have been assigned to it is called a…

A

Single-blind procedure

43
Q

What is response/subject bias

A

The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways

44
Q

The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways is called…

A

Response/subject bias

45
Q

What is social desirability

A

The tendency to try to give answers that reflect well upon an individual

46
Q

The tendency to try to give answers that reflect well upon an individual is called…

A

Social desirability

47
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect

A

Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment on affects the performance of that group

48
Q

Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment on affecting the performance of that group is called the…

A

Hawthorne effect

49
Q

What is counterbalancing

A

Using participants as their own control group

50
Q

Using participants as their own control group is called…

A

Counterbalancing

51
Q

What is a correlation

A

A relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

52
Q

A relationship between two variables without ascribing cause is called a…

A

Correlation

53
Q

What is an ex post facto study

A

When the independent variable has already happened or can’t be changed

54
Q

When the independent variable has already happened or can’t be changed it is called an…

A

Ex post facto study

55
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all

56
Q

Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all is called…

A

Naturalistic observation

57
Q

What is a case study

A

A study used to get a full detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants

58
Q

A study used to get a full detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants is called a…

A

Case study

59
Q

How do you find the mean

A

By adding up all scores and dividing by the number of scores

60
Q

By adding up all scores and dividing by the number of scores you find the…

A

Mean

61
Q

How do you find the median

A

By writing all scores in ascending/descending order and finding the middle score

62
Q

By writing all scores in ascending/descending order and finding the middle score you find the…

A

Median

63
Q

How do you find the mode

A

By finding the score(s) that appear(s) most frequently

64
Q

By finding the score(s) that appear(s) most frequently you find the…

A

Mode

65
Q

What is an outlier

A

An extreme score that skews a distribution

66
Q

An extreme score that skews a distribution is called an…

A

Outlier

67
Q

How do you find the range

A

By finding the distance between the highest and lowest score

68
Q

By finding the distance between the highest and lowest score you find the…

A

Range

69
Q

How do you find the standard deviation

A

By squaring the variance

70
Q

By squaring the variance you find the…

A

Standard deviation

71
Q

Does a +1 indicate a positive or negative correlation

A

Positive

72
Q

Does a -1 indicate a positive or negative correlation

A

Negative

73
Q

A negative correlation is indicated by…

A

-1

74
Q

A positive correlation is indicated by…

A

+1

75
Q

What does a 0 indicate in terms of correlation

A

No correlation

76
Q

No correlation is indicated by…

A

0

77
Q

What does a scatter plot do

A

Graphs pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis

78
Q

What is a graph that graphs pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis called

A

Scatter plot

79
Q

What is the line of best fit/regression line

A

Line drawn through scatter plot minimizing the distance of all points from the line

80
Q

The line drawn through a scatter plot minimizing the distance of all points from the line is called…

A

The line of best fit/regression line

81
Q

What is a sampling error

A

When the sample differs from the population

82
Q

When the sample differs from the population it is called a…

A

Sampling error

83
Q

What is the p value

A

The probability that the difference between groups is due to chance

84
Q

The probability that the difference between groups is due to chance is called the…

A

p value

85
Q

What is the p value cutoff for statistically significant results

A

0.05 (5%)

AP Psych (14 decks)

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