Developmental Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a cross-sectional study
A
Uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables might change over the life span
2
Q
A study that uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables might change over the life span is called a…
A
Cross-sectional study
3
Q
What is a longitudinal study
A
Examines one group of participants over time
4
Q
A study which examines one group of participants over time is called a…
A
Longitudinal study
5
Q
What are teratogens
A
Harmful chemicals that can cause harm to the fetus if ingested or contracted
6
Q
Harmful chemicals that can cause harm to the fetus if ingested or contracted are known as…
A
Teratogens
7
Q
What is the most common teratogen
A
Alcohol
8
Q
What are symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
A
Small, malformed skulls and intellectual disability
9
Q
Small, malformed skulls and intellectual disability are symptoms of…
A
Fetal alcohol syndrome
10
Q
What are symptoms of fetal alcohol effect
A
Specific developmental problems later in life such as learning disabilities or behavioral problems
11
Q
Specific developmental problems later in life such as learning disabilities or behavioral problems are symptoms of…
A
Fetal alcohol effect
12
Q
What are the effects of the parent taking psychoactive drugs during pregnancy
A
The baby can share the parent’s addiction and thus suffer withdrawal symptoms
13
Q
What are reflexes
A
Automatic responses to certain stimuli
14
Q
Automatic responses to certain stimuli is known as…
A
Reflexes
15
Q
What is the rooting reflex
A
When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn their head to the side of the touch and seek to put the object in their mouth
16
Q
“When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn their head to the side of the touch and seek to put the object in their mouth”
What reflex is this
A
Rooting reflex
17
Q
What is the sucking reflex
A
When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, they will suck on it
18
Q
“When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, they will suck on it”
What reflex is this
A
Sucking reflex
19
Q
What is the grasping reflex
A
If an object is placed into a baby’s palm or foot pad, they will try to grasp onto the object
20
Q
“If an object is placed into a baby’s palm or foot pad, they will try to grasp onto the object”
What reflex is this
A
Grasping reflex
21
Q
What is the Moro reflex
A
When startled, a baby will fling their limbs out and quickly retract them, making themselves as small as possible
22
Q
“When startled, a baby will fling their limbs out and quickly retract them, making themselves as small as possible”
What reflex is this
A
Moro reflex
23
Q
What is the Babinski reflex
A
When a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread their toes
24
Q
“When a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread their toes”
What reflex is this
A
Babinski reflex
25
What sense do babies have before birth
Hearing
26
What taste do babies love
Sugar
27
What is the dominant sense when we are first born
Hearing
28
At what age do babies reach normal vision
12 months
29
What do babies like to look at
Faces and facelike objects (symmetrical objects and shapes organized in an imitation of a face)
30
What does it mean when a neuron is myelinated
When the neuron in the brain connect with one another
31
When the neuron in the brain connect with one another, it is known as...
Myelination
32
What is attachment
The reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child
33
The reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child is called...
Attachment
34
How do authoritarian parents act
Set strict standards and apply punishments without explanation
35
What kind of parents set strict standards and apply punishments without explanation
Authoritarian parents
36
How do permissive parents act
Set unclear and often inconsistent guidelines for their children
37
What kind of parents set unclear and often inconsistent guidelines for their children
Permissive parents
38
How do authoritative parents act
Set consistent standards that are reasonable and explained
39
What kind of parents set consistent standards that are reasonable and explained
Authoritative parents
40
Which parenting style produces the most desirable and beneficial home environment
Authoritative parents
41
Is our development continuous or discontinuous
Somewhat discontinuous
42
What was Sigmund Freud's stage theory
We develop through five psychosexual stages
43
Who came up with the theory of developing through five psychosexual stages
Sigmund Freud
44
What does it mean to be fixated within a psychosexual stage
Remain preoccupied with the behaviors associated in that stage
45
Remaining preoccupied with the behaviors associated in a psychosexual stage is known as...
Fixation
46
What is the first stage in Freud's psychosexual stage theory
Oral stage
47
What is the second stage in Freud's psychosexual stage theory
Anal stage
48
What is the third stage in Freud's psychosexual stage theory
Phallic stage
49
What is the fourth stage in Freud's psychosexual stage theory
Latency stage
50
What is the fifth/final stage in Freud's psychosexual stage theory
Genital stage
51
What is the oral stage
Infants seek pleasure through their mouths
52
"Infants seek pleasure through their mouths"
What stage is this
Oral stage
53
What does oral fixation cause
Overeating, smoking, and/or a childlike dependence on things and people
54
Overeating, smoking, and/or a childlike dependence on things and people are symptoms of...
Oral fixation
55
What is the anal stage
Babies seek pleasure through toilet training
56
"Babies seek pleasure through toilet training"
What stage is this
Anal stage
57
What does anal fixation cause
Acting overly controlling or out of control
58
Acting overly controlling or out of control are symptoms of...
Anal fixation
59
What is the Phallic stage
Babies realize their gender and causes conflict within the family
60
"Babies realize their gender and causes conflict within the family"
What stage is this
Phallic stage
61
What does phallic fixation cause
Later problems in relationships
62
Later problems in relationships are caused by...
Phallic fixation
63
What is the latency stage
A period of rest between the ages of 6 and puberty
64
"A period of rest between the ages of 6 and puberty"
What stage is this
Latency stage
65
What is the genital stage
Sexual pleasure is found through the genitals
66
"Sexual pleasure is found through the genitals"
What stage is this
Genital stage
67
What was Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
8 stages centering on a specific social conflict
68
Who came up with the theory of 8 stages centering on a specific social conflict
Erik Erikson
69
What is the first stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Trust vs mistrust
70
What is the second stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
71
What is the third stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Initiative vs guilt
72
What is the fourth stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Industry vs inferiority
73
What is the fifth stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Identity vs role confusion
74
What is the sixth stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Intimacy vs isolation
75
What is the seventh stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Generativity vs stagnation
76
What is the eigth/final stage in Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Integrity vs despair
77
What is the trust vs mistrust stage
Babies experience of the world centers on the need of fulfillment and carry their sense of trust or mistrust throughout the rest of their lives
78
"Babies experience of the world centers on the need of fulfillment and carry their sense of trust or mistrust throughout the rest of their lives"
What stage is this
Trust vs mistrust
79
What is the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage
Toddlers begin to exert control over their own body. If they learn to control themselves and their environment in reasonable ways, they will develop a healthy will.
80
"Toddlers begin to exert control over their own body. If they learn to control themselves and their environment in reasonable ways, they will develop a healthy will."
What stage is this
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
81
What is the initiative vs guilt stage
Children feel a sense of natural curiosity and may feel comfortable or guilty about expressing that depending on whether the behavior is encouraged
82
"Children feel a sense of natural curiosity and may feel comfortable or guilty about expressing that depending on whether the behavior is encouraged"
What stage is this
Initiative vs guilt
83
What is the industry vs inferiority stage
The beginning of formal education where children are asked to provide work that is evaluated and expected to perform as well as their peers
84
"The beginning of formal education where children are asked to provide work that is evaluated and expected to perform as well as their peers"
What stage is this
Industry vs inferiority
85
What is the identity vs role confusion stage
People try to discover what social identity they are most comfortable with. Individuals who are unable to figure out a stable sense of self may risk having an identity crisis later on.
86
"People try to discover what social identity they are most comfortable with. Individuals who are unable to figure out a stable sense of self may risk having an identity crisis later on."
What stage is this
Identity vs role confusion
87
What is the intimacy vs isolation stage
Young adults must figure out how to balance their work and social life. Patterns established in this stage will influence effort spent on self and others in the future.
88
"Young adults must figure out how to balance their work and social life. Patterns established in this stage will influence effort spent on self and others in the future."
What stage is this
Intimacy vs isolation
89
What is the generativity vs stagnation stage
Adults look critically at their life path and try to seize control of their lives to ensure things go as planned
90
"Adults look critically at their life path and try to seize control of their lives to ensure things go as planned"
What stage is this
Generativity vs stagnation
91
What is the integrity vs despair stage
Looking back at accomplishments towards the end of life and deciding if one is satisfied with them or not
92
"Looking back at accomplishments towards the end of life and deciding if one is satisfied with them or not"
What stage is this
Integrity vs despair
93
What was Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Children view the world through schemata and accommodate their schemata to fit new information
94
Who came up with the theory of children viewing the world through schemata and accommodating their schemata to fit new information
Jean Piaget
95
What was Piaget's sensorimotor stage and how long does it last
From birth to around 2 years old, babies start experiencing and exploring the world strictly through their senses. First cognitive schemata is formed and object permanence is developed during this stage.
96
"From birth to around 2 years old, babies start experiencing and exploring the world strictly through their senses. First cognitive schemata is formed and object permanence is developed during this stage."
What stage is this
Sensorimotor stage
97
What was Piaget's preoperational stage and how long does it last
From around 2 to 6 years old, children start using language to represent real world objects. Children's thinking are egocentric in this stage.
98
"From around 2 to 6 years old, children start using language to represent real world objects. Children's thinking are egocentric in this stage."
What stage is this
Preoperational stage
99
What was Piaget's concrete operations stage and how long does it last
From around 8 to 12 years old, children learn to think more logically about complex relationships between different characteristics of objects. Concepts of conservation is learned.
100
"From around 8 to 12 years old, children learn to think more logically about complex relationships between different characteristics of objects. Concepts of conservation is learned."
What stage is this
Concrete operations stage
101
What was Piaget's formal operations stage and how long does it last
From 12 through adulthood, people are able to use abstract reasoning to contrast ideas and manipulate objects without physically seeing them. Metacognition is also gained.
102
"From 12 through adulthood, people are able to use abstract reasoning to contrast ideas and manipulate objects without physically seeing them. Metacognition is also gained."
What stage is this
Formal operations stage
103
What was Lawrence Kohlberg's moral stage theory
Using the Heinz dilemma which describes a man named Heinz making a moral choice about whether to steal a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife's life
104
Who used the Heinz dilemma which describes a man named Heinz making a moral choice about whether to steal a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife's life
Lawrence Kohlberg
105
What was Kohlberg's preconventional level
The youngest children make decisions most likely to avoid punishment. Moral reasoning is limited to how the choice affects themselves.
106
"The youngest children make decisions most likely to avoid punishment. Moral reasoning is limited to how the choice affects themselves."
What level is this
Preconventional
107
What was Kohlberg's conventional level
Children are able to most past personal gain or loss and look at moral choices through others' eyes. Moral choices are made based on how others will view them.
108
"Children are able to most past personal gain or loss and look at moral choices through others' eyes. Moral choices are made based on how others will view them."
What level is this
Conventional
109
What was Kohlberg's postconventional level
A person examines the rights and values involved in the choice using self-defined ethical principles. Morality of societal rules are examined rather than blindly accepted.
110
"A person examines the rights and values involved in the choice using self-defined ethical principles. Morality of societal rules are examined rather than blindly accepted."
What level is this
Postconventional
111
Female brains have larger...
Corpus callosums
112
Which sex has larger corpus callosums
Females
113
What is gender schema
We internalize messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave
114
Internalizing messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave is called...
Gender schema
