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AP Psych > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the three-box/information processing model

A

Memories are processed by sensory memory, then short-term, and then long-term

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2
Q

Memories being processed by sensory memory, then short-term, and then long-term is known as…

A

The three-box/information processing model

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3
Q

How long does sensory memory last for

A

A split-second

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4
Q

How long does short-term memory last for

A

10 - 30 seconds

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5
Q

What is iconic memory

A

A split-second perfect photograph of a scene

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6
Q

A split-second perfect photograph of a scene is called…

A

Iconic memory

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7
Q

What is echoic memory

A

A split-second perfect memory of a sound

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8
Q

A split-second perfect memory of a sound is called…

A

Echoic memory

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9
Q

What is selective attention

A

Encoding what we are attending to or what is important to us

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10
Q

Encoding what we are attending to or what is important to us is known as…

A

Selective attention

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11
Q

What is chunking

A

Grouping items together into no more than seven groups

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12
Q

Grouping items together into no more than seven groups is known as…

A

Chunking

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13
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series

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14
Q

Memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series is known as…

A

Episodic memory

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15
Q

What is semantic memory

A

General knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories

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16
Q

General knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories is known as…

A

Semantic memory

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17
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Memories of skills and how to perform them

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18
Q

Memories of skills and how to perform them is known as…

A

Procedural memory

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19
Q

What are explicit memories

A

Conscious memories of facts or events we actively try to remember

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20
Q

Conscious memories of facts or events we actively try to remember are known as…

A

Explicit memories

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21
Q

What are implicit memories

A

Unintentional memories that we remember

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22
Q

Unintentional memories that we remember are known as…

A

Implicit memories

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23
Q

What is the levels of processing model

A

We either process things deeply or shallowly

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24
Q

Processing things either deeply or shallowly is known as…

A

The levels of processing model

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25
Q

What is recognition

A

The process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory

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26
Q

The process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory is called…

A

Recognition

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27
Q

What is recall

A

Retrieving a memory with an external cue

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28
Q

Retrieving a memory with an external cue is called…

A

Recall

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29
Q

What is the primacy effect

A

We are more likely to recall items at the beginning of a list

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30
Q

Being more likely to recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the…

A

Primacy effect

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31
Q

What is the recency effect

A

We are more likely to recall items at the end of a list

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32
Q

Being more likely to recall items at the end of a list is known as the…

A

Recency effect

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33
Q

What is the serial position effect

A

When the recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list

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34
Q

When the recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list, it is known as the…

A

Serial position effect

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35
Q

What is the semantic network theory

A

Our brain forms new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory, creating a web of interconnected memories

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36
Q

“Our brain forms new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory, creating a web of interconnected memories”
This is known as the…

A

Semantic network theory

37
Q

What are flashbulb memories

A

Powerful memories due to the importance of the event that caused us to encode the context surrounding the event

38
Q

Powerful memories due to the importance of the event that caused us to encode the context surrounding the event are called…

A

Flashbulb memories

39
Q

What is mood-congruient memory

A

Being more likely to recall an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened

40
Q

Being more likely to recall an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened is known as…

A

Mood-congruient memory

41
Q

What is state-dependent memory

A

Being more likely to recall events encoded while in particular states of consciousness

42
Q

Being more likely to recall events encoded while in particular states of consciousness is known as…

A

State-dependent memory

43
Q

What is constructive memory

A

False details of a real event

44
Q

False details of a real event is known as…

A

Constructive memory

45
Q

What is retroactive interference

A

New information interfering with the recall of older information

46
Q

New information interfering with the recall of older information is known as…

A

Retroactive interference

47
Q

What is proactive interference

A

Old information interfering with the recall of new information

48
Q

Old information interfering with the recall of new information is known as…

A

Proactive interference

49
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

Being unable to encode new memories

50
Q

Being unable to encode new memories is known as…

A

Anterograde amnesia

51
Q

What is long-term potentiation

A

Neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings

52
Q

“Neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings”
This is known as…

A

Long-term potentiation

53
Q

What is a phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound

54
Q

The smallest unit of sound is called a…

A

Phoneme

55
Q

What is a morpheme

A

The smallest unit of meaningful sound

56
Q

The smallest unit of meaningful sound is called a…

A

Morpheme

57
Q

At around what age does the babbling stage occur

A

4 months

58
Q

At around what age does the holophrastic/one-word stage occur

A

1 year

59
Q

At around what age does the telegraphic speech/two-word stage occur

A

18 months

60
Q

What is the nativist theory of language acquisition

A

There is a critical period for learning language

61
Q

“There is a critical period for learning language”
This is known as…

A

The nativist theory of language acquisition

62
Q

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

The language we use might control/limit our thinking

63
Q

“The language we use might control/limit our thinking”
This is known as…

A

The linguistic relativity hypothesis

64
Q

What is a concept

A

A cognitive rule we apply to stimuli

65
Q

A cognitive rule we apply to stimuli is called a…

A

Concept

66
Q

What is a prototype

A

The most typical example of a particular concept

67
Q

The most typical example of a particular concept is called a…

A

Prototype

68
Q

What is an algorithm

A

A rule that guarantees the right solution by using a foolproof method

69
Q

A rule that guarantees the right solution by using a foolproof method is called an…

A

Algorithm

70
Q

What is a heuristic

A

A rule that is generally, but not always true

71
Q

A rule that is generally, but not always true is called a…

A

Heuristic

72
Q

What is availability heuristic

A

Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

73
Q

Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially is known as…

A

Availability heuristic

74
Q

What is representativeness heuristic

A

Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their mind

75
Q

Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their mind is known as…

A

Representativeness heuristic

76
Q

What is belief bias

A

Making illogical conclusions in order to confirm preexisting beliefs

77
Q

Making illogical conclusions in order to confirm preexisting beliefs is called…

A

Belief bias

78
Q

What is belief perseverance

A

The tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted

79
Q

The tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted is called…

A

Belief perseverance

80
Q

What is rigidity/mental set

A

The tendency to fall into established thought patterns

81
Q

The tendency to fall into established thought patterns is called…

A

Rigidity/mental set

82
Q

What is functional fixedness

A

The inability to see a new use for an object

83
Q

The inability to see a new use for an object is called…

A

Functional fixedness

84
Q

What is confirmation bias

A

The tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them

85
Q

The tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them is called…

A

Confirmation bias

86
Q

What is framing

A

The way a problem is presented

87
Q

The way a problem is presented is known as…

A

Framing

88
Q

What kind of thinking is more closely associated with creativity

A

Divergent thinking

AP Psych (14 decks)

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