Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
What are neurons
A
Individual nerve cells
2
Q
Individual nerve cells are called…
A
Neurons
3
Q
What are dendrites
A
Rootlike parts of neurons that stretch out from the cell body
4
Q
Rootlike parts of neurons that stretch out from the cell body are called…
A
Dendrites
5
Q
What is the soma
A
The neuron cell body which contains the nucleus and other parts needed to sustain cell life
6
Q
The neuron cell body which contains the nucleus and other parts needed to sustain cell life is called..
A
Soma
7
Q
What is the axon
A
The wirelike structure that extends from the neuron
8
Q
The wirelike structure that extends from the neuron is called…
A
Axon
9
Q
What is the myelin sheath
A
The fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses
10
Q
The fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses is called…
A
The myelin sheath
11
Q
What are the terminal buttons
A
The branched out end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters
12
Q
The branched out end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters is called…
A
The terminal buttons
13
Q
What are neurotransmitters
A
Chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate
14
Q
Chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate are called…
A
Neurotransmitters
15
Q
What is the synapse
A
The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next
16
Q
The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next is called…
A
The synapse
17
Q
What kind of charge does a neuron have in its resting state
A
Slightly negative
18
Q
What is the all-or-none principle
A
A neuron either fires completely or doesn’t depending on if there are enough neurotransmitters received
19
Q
“A neuron either fires completely or doesn’t depending on if there are enough neurotransmitters received.”
This is known as the…
A
All-or-none principle
20
Q
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do
A
Excite the next cell into firing
21
Q
Neurotransmitters that excite the next cell into firing are called…
A
Excitatory neurotransmitters
22
Q
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do
A
Inhibit the next cell from firing
23
Q
Neurotransmitters that inhibit the next cell from firing are called…
A
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
24
Q
What do acetylcholine neurotransmitters affect
A
Motor function
25
Motor function is affected by which neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine and dopamine
26
Lack of acetylcholine is associated with...
Alzheimer's disease
27
Alzheimer's disease is associated with...
Lack of acetylcholine
28
What do dopamine neurotransmitters affect
Motor movement and alertness
29
Motor movement and alertness is affected by which neurotransmitter
Dopamine
30
Lack of dopamine is associated with...
Parkinson's disease
31
Parkinson's disease is associated with...
Lack of dopamine
32
Overabundance of dopamine is associated with...
Schizophrenia
33
Schizophrenia is associated with...
Overabundance of dopamine
34
What do endorphins affect
Pain control
35
Pain control is affected by which neurotransmitter
Endorphins
36
What do serotonin neurotransmitters affect
Mood control
37
Mood control is affected by which neurotransmitter
Serotonin
38
Lack of serotonin is associated with...
Clinical depression
39
Clinical depression is associated with...
Lack of serotonin
40
What type of neurotransmitters are GABA neurotransmitters
Inhibitory
41
What type of neurotransmitters are Glutamate neurotransmitters
Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory
42
What do norepinephrine neurotransmitters affect
Alertness and arousal
43
What do afferent neurons do
Take information from senses to the brain
44
What type of neurons take information from the senses to the brain
Afferent neurons
45
What do efferent/motor neurons do
Take information from brain to the rest of the body
46
What type of neurons take information from the brain to the rest of the body
Efferent/motor neurons
47
What does the central nervous system consist of
The brain and spinal cord
48
Which nervous system are the brain and spinal cord part of
Central nervous system
49
What does the spinal cord do
Transmits information from the rest of the body to the brain
50
What does the peripheral nervous consist of
All nerves in the body not encased in bone
51
Which nervous system are all nerves in the body not encased in bone part of
Peripheral nervous system
52
What does the somatic nervous system control
Voluntary muscle movements
53
Which nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements
Somatic nervous system
54
What does the autonomic nervous system control
Automatic functions of our body
55
Which nervous system controls the automatic functions of our body
Autonomic nervous system
56
What does the sympathetic nervous system control
Our response to stress
57
Which nervous system controls our response to stress
Sympathetic nervous system
58
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control
Our body's slowing down after a stress response
59
Which nervous system controls our body's slowing down after a stress response
Parasympathetic nervous system
60
What is lesioning
The removal or destruction of part of the brain
61
The removal or destruction of part of the brain is known as...
Lesioning
62
What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) used for
Detecting different types of brain waves
63
What kind of brain scan can detect different types of brain waves
An electroencephalogram (EEG)
64
What is a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan used for
Uses X-rays to capture a 3-D picture of the brain's structure
65
What kind of brain scan uses X-rays to capture a 3-D picture of the brain's structure
A computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
66
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for
Uses magnetic fields to measure density and location of brain material
67
What kind of scan uses magnetic fields to measure density and location of brain material
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
68
What is a positron emission tomography (PET) scan used for
Letting researchers see which areas of the brain are most active during a certain task
69
What kind of scan lets researchers see which areas of the brain are most active during a certain task
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan
70
What is a functional MRI (fMRI) used for
Combines elements of the MRI and PET scans that can show details of brain structure with information about blood flow
71
What kind of scan combines elements of the MRI and PET scans that can show details of brain structure with information about blood flow
A functional MRI (fMRI)
72
What does the hindbrain control
Basic biological functions that keep us alive
73
Which part of the brain controls basic biological functions that keep us alive
The hindbrain
74
What is the medulla involved in
The control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
75
What part of the hindbrain controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
Medulla
76
What are the pons involved in
Control facial expressions and connects hindbrain to the midbrain and forebrain
77
What part of the hindbrain controls facial expressions and connects hindbrain to the midbrain and forebrain
Pons
78
What is the cerebellum involved in
Coordinating some habitual muscle movements
79
What part of the hindbrain coordinates some habitual muscle movements
Cerebellum
80
What does the midbrain control
Coordinates simple movements with sensory information
81
Which part of the brain coordinates simple movements with sensory information
The midbrain
82
What does the forebrain control
Thought and reason
83
Which part of the brain controls thought and reason
Forebrain
84
What is the thalamus involved in
Receiving sensory signals from the spinal cord and sending them to appropriate areas of the forebrain
85
What part of the forebrain receives sensory signals from the spinal cord and sends them to appropriate areas of the forebrain
Thalamus
86
What is the hypothalamus involved in
Controlling several metabolic functions
87
What part of the forebrain controls several metabolic functions
Hypothalamus
88
What is the amygdala involved in
Experiences of emotion
89
What part of the forebrain controls our experiences of emotion
Amygdala
90
What is the hippocampus involved in
Memory processing and distribution to the cerebral cortex for permanent storage
91
What part of the forebrain controls memory processing and distribution to the cerebral cortex for permanent storage
Hippocampus
92
What is the cerebral cortex
The gray wrinkled surface of densely packed neurons covering the brain
93
What is the gray wrinkled surface of densely packed neurons covering the brain called
Cerebral Cortex
94
What does the left hemisphere control
The motor function of the right half of the body (contralateral control) and spoken language
95
Which hemisphere is the motor function of the right half of the body and spoken language controlled by
Left (contralateral control)
96
What does the right hemisphere control
The motor function of the left half of the body (contralateral control)
97
Which hemisphere is the motor function of the left half of the body controlled by
Right (contralateral control)
98
What does the prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe do
Directs thought processes, predicts consequences, maintains emotional control, and engages in abstract thought
99
Which part of the brain directs thought processes, predicts consequences, maintains emotional control, and engages in abstract thought
Prefrontal cortex
100
What does Broca's area in the frontal lobe do
Controls muscles involved in producing speech
101
Which part of the frontal lobe controls muscles involved in producing speech
Broca's area
102
What does the motor cortex do
Sends signals to our muscles that control our voluntary movements
103
Which part of the brain sends signals to our muscles that control our voluntary movements
Motor cortex
104
What does the sensory cortex in the parietal lobes do
Receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of our body
105
Which part of the brain receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of our body
Sensory cortex
106
What do the occipital lobes do
Interprets messages from our eyes in the visual cortex
107
Which part of the brain interprets messages from our eyes in the visual cortex
Occipital lobes
108
What do the temporal lobes do
Process sound sensed by our ears and interprets language
109
Which part of the brain processes sound sensed by our ears and interprets language
Temporal lobes
110
What is the endocrine system
A system of glands that secrete hormones which affect different biological processes
111
What is the system of glands that secrete hormones which affect different biological processes called
Endocrine system
112
What do the adrenal glands do
Produce adrenaline which signals the rest of the body to prepare for fight or flight
113
What part produces adrenaline which signals the rest of the body to prepare for fight or flight
Adrenal glands
114
Babies born with a single X chromosome have...
Turner's syndrome
115
Babies with Turner's syndrome are born with...
A single X chromosome
116
Symptoms of Turner's syndrome include...
Shortness, webbed necks, and differences in physical and sexual development
117
Shortness, webbed necks, and differences in physical and sexual development are signs of...
Turner's syndrome
118
Babies born with an extra X chromosome have...
Klinefelter's syndrome
119
Babies with Klinefelter's syndrome are born with...
An extra X chromosome
120
Symptoms of Klinefelter's syndrome include...
Minimal sexual development and personality traits like extreme introversion
121
Minimal sexual development and personality traits like extreme introversion are signs of...
Klinefelter's syndrome
122
Babies born with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair have...
Down syndrome
123
Babies with Down syndrome are born with...
An extra chromosome on the 21st pair
124
Symptoms of Down syndrome include...
Rounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted eyes set far apart, and some degree of intellectual disability
125
Rounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted eyes set far apart, and some degree of intellectual disability are signs of...
Down syndrome
