METABOLISM L7 Flashcards
I. Metabolism and E change - CC catabolism and anabolism - SEQ how ATP drives work - SEQ E flow through ecosystems II. Enzymes - SEQ enzymatic activity - HD factors that effect enzyme activity III. Redox reactions - CC oxidation and reduction - SEQ NAD+ function
1
Q
metabolism
A
- sum of all chemical reactions and E transformations in an organism
- regulated to maintain homeostasis
- emergent property of life
2
Q
metabolic pathway
A
- begins with specific molecule, ends with product
- each step catalyzed by specific enzyme
3
Q
anabolic pathway
A
- synthetic
- making bonds
- requires E
- simple to complex molecules
4
Q
catabolic pathway
A
- breaks bonds
- releases E
- complex to simple molecules
5
Q
kinetic energy
A
- E of motion
6
Q
potential energy
A
- stored E, capacity to do work
7
Q
thermodynamics
A
- study of E transformations
8
Q
1st law of thermodynamics
A
- E cannot be created or destroyed
9
Q
2nd law of thermodynamics
A
- every E transfer increases entropy in the universe
10
Q
entropy
A
- measure of disorder
- randomness
11
Q
free energy
A
- E available to do work
- can’t measure directly
- can determine how G changes during reactions
12
Q
exergonic
A
- tend to be catabolic
- energy released
- spontaneous (-G)
- often involves ATP hydrolysis
13
Q
endergonic
A
- tend to be anabolic
- energy required
- nonspontaneous (+G)
14
Q
ATP
A
- “high energy” molecule
- primary energy molecule of the cell
15
Q
globular proteins
A
- often have grooves due to tertiary or quaternary structure
16
Q
active site
A
- region that interacts with substrate
17
Q
substrate
A
- any substance acted upon by an enzyme
18
Q
induced fit
A
- enzyme changes shape after binding substrate for better fit
- facilitates breaking/forming bonds
19
Q
factors affecting enzyme activity
A
- enzymes operate best at specific temp and pH
- low temp: slow reaction
- high temp: denature enzyme
20
Q
enzyme inhibition
A
- enzymes can be inhibited or destroyed by certain chemicals
- competitive: inhibitor binds to active site, excludes substrate
- noncompetitive: inhibitors binds elsewhere, changes active site shape
21
Q
enzyme cofactors
A
- enhance enzyme activity
- may bind to enzyme or substrate
22
Q
redox reactions
A
- oxidation: donating e
- reduction: accepting e
- always coupled
23
Q
NAD+
A
- oxidized state: NAD+
- reduced state: NADH
- NADH: stored E
