CELL CYCLE L10 Flashcards
I. Organization of Cellular Genetic Material - CC chromosome structure and number II. SEQ, HD, CC steps of cell cycle
1
Q
cell theory
A
- all living cells made of one or more cells
- cells are the basic organizational and functional units of all organisms
- all cells come from other cells
2
Q
unicellular
A
- just reproduction
3
Q
multicellular
A
- growth and development
4
Q
main function of cell division
A
- distribute genetic material into daughter cells
5
Q
genome
A
- cells total genetic material
6
Q
prokaryotes
A
- usually 1 circular DNA molecule
7
Q
eukaryotes
A
- usually >1 linear DNA molecules
8
Q
genes
A
- informational unit of DNA
- responsible for structure of all proteins in a cell
- at locus
- arranged linearly on chromosomes
9
Q
chromosomes
A
- “colored body”
- DNA wrapped around proteins
- highly organized
10
Q
histones
A
- proteins in eukaryotic cells that associate with DNA to form chromosomes
11
Q
nucleosomes
A
- 8 histones with 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around adjacent nucleosomes linked by 60 base pairs
12
Q
chromatin
A
- DNA/protein complex in dispersed state
- DNA usually in this state
- condenses to chromosomes
13
Q
chromosome structure
A
- each has unique shape and size
- centromeres and telomeres
14
Q
centromeres
A
- constricted area
- site of spindle attachment
15
Q
telomeres
A
- end regions
16
Q
haploid
A
- (n)
- number of distinct or different chromosomes
- 1 of each chromosome
- ex. gametes
17
Q
diploid
A
- (2n)
- 2 of each chromosome
- same length, centromere location, genes
- ex. somatic cells
18
Q
interphase
A
- growth and synthesis
- metabolically active
- G1, S, G2
19
Q
G1
A
- prepare for S phase
- no DNA synthesis
- growth and normal development
20
Q
S
A
- synthesis
- chromosomes duplicated
21
Q
G2
A
- DNA still as chromatin
- high metabolic activity
- 2 centrosomes
- preparation for mitosis
22
Q
centrosome
A
- region of microtubule organization
- contains pair of centrioles
- duplicates in G2
23
Q
M phase
A
- mitosis and cytokinesis
24
Q
5 stages of mitosis
A
- prophase
- prometaphase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
25
Q
prophase
A
- chromosomes condense
- mitotic spindle forms
26
Q
prometaphase
A
- nuclear membrane breaks down
- fragments stored in vesicles for later use
- nucleolus disappears
- mitotic spindle elongates
27
Q
metaphase
A
- chromosomes align at metaphase plate
28
Q
anaphase
A
- sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- pulled by kinetochores
- separase separates sister chromatids
- after separation each chromatid is considered a chromosome
29
Q
telophase
A
- chromosomes start to decondense
- nuclear envelope reforms
- new nuclei identical to parent nucleus
- daughter cells genetically identical to parent
30
Q
cytokinesis
A
- cytoplasmic division - 2 cells each with 1 nucleus
