GENETICS L12 Flashcards
I. Gregor Mendel and his experiments - SEQ Mendel's work - CC competing hypotheses - CC principles of heredity II. Genetic crosses - SEQ, CC, APPLY genetic crosses III. Using probability in genetics - APPLY probability rules
1
Q
gene
A
- unit of hereditary information
2
Q
allele
A
- alternative version of a gene
3
Q
character
A
- observable, heritable feature
4
Q
trait
A
- detectable variant of a character
5
Q
genotype
A
- genetic makeup
- what alleles are present
6
Q
phenotype
A
- observable physical traits
7
Q
true breeding
A
- always express same trait after self fertilization
- no exceptions
- all express same phenotype
8
Q
blending inheritance hypothesis
A
- gametes contain sampling of fluids from parents bodies
- fuse during reproduction
- fluids blend, offspring is intermediate
9
Q
P generation
A
- parental generation
10
Q
F1 generation
A
- 1st filial generation
11
Q
F2 generation
A
- 2nd filial generation
12
Q
conclusions of Mendel’s experiments
A
- no intermediate phenotypes appeared
- lost phenotypes reappear
- REJECTED
13
Q
4 components of Mendel’s model
A
- alleles
- 2 factors for each character
- dominance
- 2 principles of heredity
14
Q
2 factors for each character
A
- diploid individuals inherit 2 copies of each gene
- 1 from each parent
- may be identical (true breeding lines), may be different
- found on homologous chromosomes
15
Q
dominance
A
- if two alleles differ:
- dominant allele determines phenotype
- recessive allele has no noticeable effect on phenotype
16
Q
law of segregation
A
- 2 alleles for a character segregate during gamete formation - each gamete only gets 1
17
Q
law of independent assortment
A
- genes on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation
- due to random orientation of tetrads during metaphase 1
18
Q
genetic recombination
A
- new combination of alleles in offspring
19
Q
monohybrid
A
- heterozygous for one character
- cross between heterozygotes
20
Q
monohybrid test cross
A
- used to identify genotype of individual with dominant phenotype
21
Q
dihybrid cross
A
- individual heterozygous for 2 traits
22
Q
dihybrid test cross
A
- determine if 2 traits are linked
23
Q
multiplication rule
A
allows for the prediction of combined probabilities of independent events
- occurrence of one does not affect probability that other will occur
24
Q
addition rule
A
- predicts combined probabilities of mutually exclusive events
