Metabolism Information Flashcards
Which two fatty acids are truly essential?
(6) -linoleic acid
(3) linolenic acid
What are the conditionally essential amino acids?
Arginine, cysteine and tyrosine
Percentage of total calories by macromolecules
Lipids = 85% (triglycerides in adipose cells)
Protein = 15% (skeletal proteins)
Carbs = >1% (stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells)
Oxidative combustion
Glucose/fatty acids are degraded into CO2 and H20, proteins into NH3
- in nonbiological combustion = 100% energy is released as heat
- in biological combustion = 60% is released as heat ; 40% is stored as chemical power
Activator of glucose
UDP attachment (makes glycogen)
Activator of fatty acids
CoA linkages (makes triglycerides)
Activator of AAs
T-RNA addition (makes proteins)
Catabolic pathways
Oxidation of precurosrs and degradation of macromolecules to produce energy
Anabolic pathways
Activation of precursors and synthesis of macromolecules using energy
Aerobic capacity depends on what?
The density of the mitochondria
Types of cells in order of most aerobic to least aerobic
Hepatocytes - > Type 1 red slow-twitch - > Type 2A red fast-twitch -> Type 2B white fast-twitch -> Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
Tetrameric protein that has 4 heme groups and carries 4 oxygen molecules
Myoglobin
Monomeric protein that contains only 1 heme group and binds only 1 oxygen atom.
In order to bind oxygen what must happen to heme?
Remain reduced +2
Cells and their visible light absorption
Hemoglobin = red
Myoglobin = red-brown
Cytochrome = brown
Organic molecules = colorless (unless containing porphyrin ring structures_
