Metabolic Syndrome and Menopause

Question 1

PCOS: hyperinsulinemia _____ SHBG and results in ____ free testosterone

Answer 1

decreases; higher

Question 2

describe abnormal lipids in PCOS patients

Answer 2

elevated TG, low HDL

Question 3

PCOS can cause increased risk of ______ secondary to _______

Answer 3

endometrial cancer; unopposed estrogen from repeated anovulatory cycles

Question 4

mechanism of oral contraceptive pills used to treat PCOS

Answer 4

suppress ovarian androgen secretion by suppression of gonadotropins, increases SHBG, decreases free testosterone, regulates menses and provides adequate progestin to protect endometrial lining (lowers risk for endometrial hyperplasia)

Question 5

what is perimenopause?

Answer 5

transition phase before menopause that can last 6 years or more and ends 1 year after the final menstrual period

Question 6

age cutoff for premature menopause

Answer 6

40

Question 7

consequences of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal years

Answer 7

increased risk of osteoporosis, diabetes, heart disease, skin changes

Question 8

treatment for female patient above 40 with moderate to severe dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

Answer 8

ospemifine (SERM)

Question 9

contraindications for raloxifene

Answer 9

patients who are experiencing vasomotor symptoms of menopause (hot flashes); may exacerbate them

Question 10

3 common progestins

Answer 10

medroxyprogesterone, northindrone, prometrium