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Chronic and complex conditions > Metabolic syndrome > Flashcards

Metabolic syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

A group of metabolic abnormalities that cluster together leading to cardiovascular disease. Typically three or more conditions

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2
Q

How many Australian’s have/ get MetS?

A

22-31%

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3
Q

What are common risk factors for MetS

A

Genetics, family hx, age, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, smoking

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4
Q

What is dyslipidaemia?

A

Elevated triglycerides

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5
Q

True or false, very low dense lipoproteins are the biggest form of lipoprotein.

A

False, Chylomicrons are. They contain 90% triglyceride

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6
Q

What is an apolipoprotein?

A

It is part of a protein shell structure in a lipoprotein that acts as a receptor site for cell attachment to bind lipids to protein (LDL, HDL’s)

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7
Q

What is lipoprotein lipase?

A

They breakdown triglycerides that are circulating in the blood stream. Typically in VLDL

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8
Q

What is hepatic lipase?

A

They maintain steady levels of HDL, LDL and remove lipoproteins from the blood via hepatocytes

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9
Q

What is hormone sensitive lipase?

A

It converts stored triglycerides to free fatty acids

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10
Q

During insulin resistance, what happens to the levels of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Lipoprotein lipase = decrease (triglycerides aren’t getting broken down)
Hepatic lipase = Increase (trying to remove lipoproteins from blood)
Hormone sensitive lipase = increase (more lipids getting released into the blood)

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11
Q

True or false, VLDL decrease HDL

A

True, HDL also decrease in insulin resistance

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12
Q

What is the lipid triad?

A

Elevated triglycerides
Low HDL’s
Small dense LDL’s

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13
Q

How is dyslipidaemia diagnosed?

A

Full lipid profile, taken 2 or more with a week interval

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14
Q

What is the desirable range for total cholesterol?

A

<5.17mmol/L, <200mg/dl

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15
Q

What is the desirable range for triglycerides?

A

<1.69mmol/L, <150mg/dl

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16
Q

What is the desirable range for LDL?

A

<2.58mmol/L, <100mg/dl

17
Q

What is the desirable range for HDL?

A

> 1.55mmol/L, >60mg/dl

18
Q

What values place a patient at high risk?

A 
Total C = >6.18mmol/L
TG = >2.25mmol/L
LDL = >4.11mmol/L
HDL = <0.9
Chol:HDL = >6
HDL:LDL = 9.5(m), 7(w)
19
Q

For every 0.77mmol/L increase in LDL’s, CHD risk increases by…?

A

30%

20
Q

For every 1% decrease in LDL reduces the risk of CHD by…?

A

1%

21
Q

For every 0.26mmol/L increase in HDL, decreases the CHD risk by…?

A

50%

22
Q

What are some different risk factors for dyslipidaemia?

A

Clotting disorders, vessel wall defect, lipoprotein defect

23
Q

What do statins do? And some common names for them?

A

Inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Lovastatin, Atorvastatin, Simvastatin

24
Q

What do bile acid resins do? And some common names for them?

A

They bind to bile acids (bad things) and excrete them instead of allowing them to be reabsorbed in the blood. Colestyramine, colestipol

25
Q

What do fibrates do? And some common names for them?

A

They reduce triglycerides and increase HDL by preventing the production of VLDL. Bezafibrate, fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil

26
Q

What do Nicotinates do? And some common names for them?

A

Reduces lipolysis and free fatty acid release, decrease LDL and increase HDL. Nicotinic acid, Niacin, Acipomox

27
Q

What do plant sterols do? And some common names for them?

A

Inhibit absorbtion of cholesterol in the intestine. Phytosterols.

28
Q

What needs to be considered during exercise for someone with MetS

A
  • Their underlying conditions. Make sure to take all normal measures (BP, HR, SpO2, glucose, etc)
  • Make sure the prescription is specific to the person and somewhat based on obesity and T2DM guidelines
29
Q

What are some common effects of exercise on someone who has diabetic dyslipidaemia?

A 
Increase HDL
Decrease LDL and VLDL
Decrease Glucose levels
Increase LPL and HL activity
Less cholesterol ester transfer protein triglyceride exchange
Increase insulin sensitivity
30
Q

True or false, volume is more important than intensity in MetS

A

True, low to moderate intensity improves lipid profile

Chronic and complex conditions (19 decks)

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