Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chronic and complex conditions > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Where is insulin released from?

A

Beta cells from the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe how GLUT4 translocates

A
  • Insulin binds to receptor and starts signalling cascade
  • GLUT4 moves towards plasma membrane and binds
  • GLUT4 transporters expose to the outside of the cell
  • Glucose can work itself into the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When we have a lot of insulin and glucose, what happens to hepatic glucose release?

A

It is suppressed as we do not need it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to insulin during feeding?

A

Increasing to promote cellular glucose uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to insulin during fasting?

A

Insulin levels decrease to allow hepatic glucose production and FA release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to insulin during exercise?

A

Insulin levels decrease to allow hepatic glucose production and FA release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is glucagon released from?

A

Alpha cells from the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Stimulates hepatic glucose production to increase blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to glucagon during feeding?

A

Nil to minimal affect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to glucagon during fasting?

A

Small sustained released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to glucagon during exercise?

A

Released later in exercise when blood glucose is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two catecholamines and what do they do?

A

-Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (fight or flight)
-Stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle
(breakdown of glycogen to glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to catecholamines during feeding?

A

Nil to minimal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to catecholamines during fasting?

A

Low levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to catecholamines during exercise?

A

Steadily increase with intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a brief overview of type 1 diabetes?

A

Bodies own destruction of beta cells, antibodies produced by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some metabolic abnormalities of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Unrestrained hepatic glucose production
  • Glycosuria/ dehydration
  • Increased lipolysis, ketone production, FA in the blood
  • Increased proteolysis, muscle wastage
  • Loss of hypoglycaemic glucagon release (can’t bring blood sugar levels back up)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are typical signs of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Young, former illness
  • Incredibly fatigued, tired, moody
  • Drinking lots of water
  • Weight loss
  • Unwell
  • Vision loss
19
Q

What is a brief overview of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Disease of insulin resistance, or not enough insulin production
  • Hyperglycaemia
20
Q

What are some metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Hyperglycaemia, increased hepatic glucose, hyperinsulemia
  • Increased lipolysis
  • Loss of pancreatic sensitivity to high blood glucose
21
Q

True or false, gaining 5kg or more from the age of 18 increases risk of T2D by 2-3 fold?

A

True, particularly if weight is stored around abdomen.

-Obviously not if it’s 5kg of pure cold hard lean muscle

22
Q

What is the first mechanism of obesity to insulin resistance and explain.

A

Adipose tissue and inflammation

  • Pro-inflammation of cytokines causing a disruption in insulin signalling
  • IL-6, CRP, TNF, leptin
23
Q

What do cytokines do to the body?

A

Cause blood and immune abnormalities and pro-thrombotic states
-Increase clotting, levels of activated leukocytes, growth factors, blood viscosity, coagulation, heart attack, stroke

24
Q

What direct and indirect affect do pro-inflammatory cytokines have?

A

Direct: cytokine interference with insulin signalling
Indirect: communication between insulin and body tissues
-Insulin resistance and glucose uptake decreases causing more glucose in blood

25
Q

What is the second mechanism of obesity to insulin resistance and explain.

A

Intracellular lipid accumulation

  • Fatty acid stored in the adipose tissue then released in the blood stream
  • Interferes with insulin signalling in the muscle and prevents GLUT4 translocation to the surface
  • Ceramide production
26
Q

True or false, exercise can increase insulin sensitivity up to 48 hours post exercise?

A

False! Up to 72 hours ;)

27
Q

What happens to mitochondria in a person that does exercise, and does not exercise regarding diabetes.

A
  • Does not exercise = mitochondria density declines due to no use
  • Does exercise = mitochondria density increases due to use
  • Increase in mitochondria means more space for glucose to be turned over
28
Q

Explain how stress relate to insulin resistance

A

Chronic stress = increased sympathetic nervous system activity = catecholamine production = glucose release = more demand

29
Q

True or false, insulin resistance causes hyperglycemia

A

True

30
Q

True or false, alpha cells begin to decline due to toxicity of glucose in the blood

A

False, beta cells decline

-Alpha cells T1D

31
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Diabetes that occur during pregnancy

  • Glucose tolerance and sensitivity may decrease by 50-70% during birth
  • Key enzymes for lipid and glucose metabolism reduced
32
Q

What can GD result in for the baby and mother?

A
  • High birth weight
  • Pre-eclampsia
  • Early birth, C section
  • Babies with high BGT
  • Diabetes for both
33
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels for:
Fasting:
Random:
Glucose tolerance testing:

A

Fasting: <6mmol/L
Random: <7.8mmol/L
Glucose tolerance testing: 7.8mmol/L

34
Q

What are insulin problem glucose levels for:
Fasting:
Random:
Glucose tolerance testing:

A

Fasting: 6.1-6.9mmol/L
Random: 7.8-10.9mmol/L
Glucose tolerance testing: 7.8-10.9mmol/L

35
Q

What are diabetes glucose levels for:
Fasting:
Random:
Glucose tolerance testing:

A

Fasting: >7mmol/L
Random: >11mmol/L
Glucose tolerance testing: >11mmol/L

36
Q

How is GD screened?

A
  • 50g glucose, check 1-hour post

- Healthy should be between 3.5-7.8mmol/L

37
Q

What are classic symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Polyuria: excessive urination
  • Polydipsia: excessive thirst
  • Polyphagia: excessive hunger
  • Unexplained weight loss (type 1)
38
Q

What is HbA1? and normal levels

A
  • Glycosylated haemoglobin, glucose bound to haemoglobin, blood marker for recent 120 days
  • <7% is normal, <6% may cause hypoglycaemia
39
Q

What are some typical drug management recommendations?

A
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors - commonly end in ‘liptin’ and slow degradation of incretin hormones.
  • Insulin
40
Q

What is the recommended treatment pattern for someone with diabetes?

A
  • Weight loss and exercise

- Drugs to increase insulin sensitivity - advance to drugs that increase insulin levels - then exogenous insulin

41
Q

What effects does diabetes have on exercise?

A
  • Typically none

- Might have an increased workload/ decreased aerobic capacity due to excessive weight

42
Q

What are exercise recommendations for someone with diabetes?

A
  • 150-250 minutes of moderate activity

- CDD4 recommendations

43
Q

What are the 4 main ways to reduce the likelihood of diabetes?

A
  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Tobacco cessation
  • Stress coping

Chronic and complex conditions (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions