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Exercise Physiology > Metabolic Pathoways; Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Metabolic Pathoways; Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

A

-rate limiting enzyme of Krebs cycle

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2
Q

During Krebs Cycle _____

CHO

A
  • CO2 produced

- H+ atoms are removed to go to the ETC

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3
Q

For each Krebs cycle _____

CHO

A
  • 3H+ picked up by 3 NAD+ (9 ATP)
  • 1 H+ picked up by FAD+ (2 ATP)
  • 1 direct ATP
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4
Q

Cytochromes

CHO

A

Iron-protein carries in ETC that pass along H+

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5
Q

Krebs cycle directly forms

CHO

A

1 ATP per cycle

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6
Q

In krebs cycle, H+ atoms are _____

CHO

A

-picked up by NAD+ & FAD+

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7
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

-rate limiting enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis

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8
Q

Cytochrome Oxidase

A

-rate limiting enzyme of ETC

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9
Q

Cytochrome Oxidase Inhibited by:

A

increased levels of ATP

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10
Q

Types of chemical reactions

A
  • endergonic: needs energy to react

- exogonic: reaction releases energy

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11
Q

Large incr/decr in temperature=_____

enzymes

A

decr enzyme activity

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12
Q

Electron Transport Chain

CHO

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation or respiratory chain

- H+ picked up by NAD+ and FAD+ are passed along by series of cytrochromes

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13
Q

H+ eventually _____

CHO

A

accepted by oxygen to make H2O

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

carbs

A
  • in mitochondria

- part of aerobic glycolysis

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15
Q

For each NADH _____

CHO

A
  • 3 ATP formed (theory)

- 2.5 ATP (actual)

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16
Q

Total # ATP from Krebs Cycle

CHO

A
  • 12 ATP

- 1 directly, 11 via ETC

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17
Q

Maximal capacity for aerobic glycolysis____

CHO

A
  • is great
  • Long duration ex’s

1 mole glucose–>36 ATP (theoretical), 30 ATP (real)
1 mole glycogen–>37 ATP (theoretical), 31 ATP (real)

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18
Q

For each FADH_____

CHO

A
  • 2 ATP formed (theory)

- 1.5 ATP (actual)

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19
Q

Triglyceride + 3 H2O==>_______

A

==>glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

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20
Q

Fats go through ______ before entering Krebs cycle

A

beta oxidation

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21
Q

During beta oxidation ____ ATP formed per _____

A
  • 5 ATP

- 2 carbon segment

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22
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • process that converts fats, proteins & carbs into forms the body can use
  • involves chemical reactions that are regulated by enzymes
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23
Q

Enzyme

A
  • proteins that regulate the rate at which reaction takes place
  • affected by temp and pH
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24
Q

Small incr in temperature=____

A

increased enzyme activity

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25
3 Energy Sources
- carbohydrates - fats - proteins
26
What form of CHO is used to make ATP?
glucose
27
1 gram of CHO=
4 kcal of energy
28
Enzymes & pH
- enzymes have own optimal pH range | - outside range=decr activity
29
Carbohydrates
- carbon, oxygen & hydrogen - rapid source of fuel -1 gram CHO=4 kcal of energy
30
CHO
carbohydrates
31
Amount ATP produced from Protein:
-depends on amino acids and where it enters the process
32
Proteins provide ATP for:
- long term ex's | - malnutrition
33
Proteins require that ____ be removed from the _____
- nitrogen | - amino acid
34
Quick bursts of activity
- <5 seconds | - ATP-PC system
35
5-45 seconds of activity
anaerobic glycolysis
36
What form of fats is used to make ATP
- glycerol | - free fatty acid chain
37
form of proteins used to make ATP?
amino acids
38
1 gram of fat=
9 kcal of energy
39
Fats
- carbon, hydrogen & oxygen | - energy for prolonged ex's
40
1 gram proteins=
4 kcal of energy
41
ATP
mechanical energy the body utilizes comes from the break down of ATP
42
ATP Made via Aerobic Glycolysis | Cardiac Muscle
Glucose: 38 theory, 32 reality Glycogen: 39 theory, 33 Reality
43
ATP Made via Aerobic Glycolysis | Skeletal Muscle
Glucose: 36 theory, 30 reality Glycogen: 37 theory, 31 reality
44
Energy is released when ATP _____
- joins H2O in the presence of ATPase | - to break down into ADP + Pi
45
3 ATP-Making Systems
- phosphagen system - anaerobic glycolysis - aerobic glycolysis
46
Proteins
- carbon, H+, O2, Nitrogen, Sulfer, phospherous, Iron | - energy source in malnutrition & prolonged exercise
47
Phosphagen System
- (ATP-PC System) - Anaerobic - Immeidate
48
ATP + H2O _______
ADP + Pi + ENERGY | via ATPase
49
How much ATP stored in Mm Cell?
- very little | - only enough to perform max ex's for several seconds
50
Anaerobic glycolysis
- (lactic acid system) - use chemicals from food break down - anaerobic - intermediate
51
Aerobic glycolysis
(Oxygen System) - Use chemicals fro food break down - aerobic - slow
52
Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by:
- increased ATP | - Increased NADH
53
Cytochrome oxidase activated by:
incr levels ADP & Pi
54
Beta Oxidation
- process where free fatty acids are broken into 2-carbon chains - use 1 ATP to activate fat to go through beta oxidation
55
Fuel utilization at rest
-liver glycogen/blood glucose & fats are primary methods of ATP production
56
2 Steps of Phosphagen System
- PC broken down by creatine kinase & releases energy | - energy used to combine ADP & Pi to make ATP
57
Phosphagen system is fast because it's a ___-step process & _______
- 2 step | - creatine already present in body
58
creatine kinase is a ___ limiting enxyme for ___
- rate | - ATP-PC System (phosphagen)
59
PC
- phosphocreatine | - high energy phosphate used on phosphogen system to make ATP
60
Creatine kinase inhibited by_____
incr levels ATP in sarcoplasm
61
CP
creatine phosphate
62
Creatine kinase activated by_____
incr levels ADP in sarcoplasm
63
Break down of CHO in GI system=
- glucose - fructose - galactose (all changed to glucose in liver)
64
Glucose is broken down into _____
- 2 molecules pyruvic acid | - which provides energy to add a Pi to ADP
65
2 Phosphagen System Steps
1. PC Pi + C + Energy | 2. Energy + ADP + Pi ATP
66
Maximal power of phosphagen is _____ because _____
- great | - provides energy fast for short quick bursts of activity
67
Anaerobic Glycolysis is a ____-step process
10 steps | in cytoplasm
68
Phosphagen system yields _____ ATP
- 1 ATP per PC | - very fast
69
Anaerobic glycolysis involves the break down of ____
- CHO | - can only use CHO
70
ATP Made per molecule of Fat=
3[17(#carbon segments-1)+12-1]
71
Anaerobic glycolysis yields ____ ATP
-1 glucose molecule nets 2 ATP and grosses 4 ATP
72
Glucose can travel in ___ or ____
- travel in blood | - be stored in muscle cell or liver
73
Glycogen
-storage form of glucose
74
during ex's ATP production______
decr
75
as glucose passes from blood through the cell wall it's
phosphorylated (Pi added)
76
Once in the cell, glucose is broken down to form ____ & the break down _____
- lactic acid | - releases energy to form ATP
77
During anaerobic glycolysis 2 ____ are formed and picked up by ____
- H+ | - NAD (taken to ETC in mitochondria)
78
Anaerobic metabolism occurs in_____
cytoplasm
79
during anaerobic glycolysis, if ATP not needed now_____
the energy is stored as glycogen for later
80
ETC
- electron transport chain | - in mitochondria
81
Once glycogen is in the muscle cell_____
it can't leave to help other cells make ATP
82
maximal power of anaerobic glycolysis is ____
- intermediate - provide ATP for moderate activity (1.6 mole ATP/min)
83
Aerobic glycolysis
- requires O2 | - uses CHO, proteins & fats as fuel
84
Deamination
-process where nitrogen is removed from amino acids in liver
85
some proteins converted to ____, _____ & _____
- pyruvate - acetyl Co A - Kreb's cycle
86
Example of Amino Acids used
- leucine - isoleucine - valine - glutamine - aspartate
87
Lactate Threshold | anaerobic threshold
point where aerobic metabolism can't supply enough ATP and must use anaerobic metabolism
88
Fuel source for anaerobic ex's
-stored ATP-PC & muscle glycogen are main sources of ATP
89
Increased need for ATP during ex's comes from ____ then ____
- incr aerobic metabolism to a point | - at 50-60% max VO2 need can't be met by aerobic metabolism and aerobic is needed
90
In presence of O2 pyruvic acid_____
-doesn't form lactic acid but is metabolized and enters krebs cycle
91
Transamination
-process where nitrogen is removed from amino acides in muscle
92
phosphorylase
converts glycogen to gluose
93
1-2 min of activity
ATP-PC system, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic metabolism
94
Full use during ex's
- gradual shift from CHO to fats after 1/2 hour ex's | - after 1 hour=small amount of protein
95
Isocitrate dehydrogenase activated by:
-incr ADP, NAD and mitochondrial Ca++
96
PFK activated by:
(phosphofructokinase) | -incr levels of AMP, ADP and pH
97
PFK inhibited by_____
- incr levels of ATP, CP, citrate | - decr levels pH
98
Before fat can be metabolized to produce ATP _____
it must be broken down by the enzyme lipase into glycerol & 3 fatty acids
99
Fuel source during aerobic ex's
- decr intensity=incr fat use | - incr intensity=incr CHO use
100
in order for glucose to get into muscle cell:
1. insulin needed 2. 1 ATP used 3. hexokinase needed 4. magnesium needed

Exercise Physiology (25 decks)

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