Endocrine System Flashcards
Thyroid Gland Hormones
- thyroxine
- triiodothyronine
- calcitonin
Placental Hormones
- human chorionic gonadotropin (HCD)
- estrogen
- progesterone
- Human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)
2 Hormone Mechanisms of Action
- 2nd messenger
- gene activation
3 Major 2nd Messengers
- cyclic AMP system (cAMP)
- calcium calmodulin system
- Inositoltriphosphate & diacylglycerol (IP3DG)
HRE
- hormone response element
- specific attachment site in nucleus for hormone protein complex
Calcium Calmodulin System
-hormone binds & results in incr Ca++ in cell that activates calmodulin & cause cellular response
Cyclic AMP System
- (used by NE and epi)
- hormone binding to receptor activates G protein leading to incr/decr cAMP production leading to incr/decr response
Hormone
- chemical substance secreted into body’s fluids to exert a physiological controlling effect on cells
- released by endocrine glands
Gene Activation
-hormone pass into cell & into nucleus to bind with DNA on hormone response element causing change in RNA & synthesis new protein to cause cellular change
Brain uses ____ for metabolism
only glucose
GLUT 4 Transporters
-activated by insulin or mm contraction (with exercise) to move to membrane & promote glucose movement into cell
Glucose & Exercise
-need to keep glucose in blood to prevent hypoglycemia but body uses glucose 1st with ex’s so ex’s causes GLUT 4 to move to edge of cell to take in glucose in specific areas during ex’s
Goals of the 5 Hormones
non-insulin
- decr uptake of glucose by Mm
- decr storage of glucose by liver
- decr storage of fats
- decr protein storage
Second Messenger System
- binding of chemical to a protein receptor sets off a series of events w/n the cell & leads to some kind of cellular response
- indirect
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
Nervous System: neurotransmitters travel through nerves to target (specific)
Endocrine: hormones through bloodstream to targets (more general)
IP3DG System
-2nd messenger that causes cellular response
Normal Fasting Glucose Levels
70-105 mg/dL
Hypoglycemia
- <60 mg/dL
- headaches, blurred vision, diaphoresis, confusion, shaking, weakness, irritability, decr Mm coordination, psychosis etc.
2 Adrenal Medulla Hormones
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
2 Ovarian Hormones
- estrogen
- progesterone
1 parathyroid gland hormones
-parahormone
2 Pancreatic Hormones
- insulin
- glucagon
1 Testicular Hormone
testosterone
6 Hormones involved in maintaining blood glucose
- insulin
- glucagon
- thyroxine
- cortisol
- epinephrine/NE
- growth hormone
Mechanisms to Maintain Blood Glucose
- hormones control::
1. conversion of liver glycogen to glucose
2. mobilize plasma FFA from adipose tissue
3. synthesis of glucose from AA, lactic acid & glycerol by liver
4. block glucose from cell to force use of FFA
Insulin
- get glucose out of blood
- incr storage of glycogen in liver
- incr storage of fats in adipose tissue
- incr storage of proteins
- cause GLUT 4 to move to cell edge & take in glucose from blood
2 Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- antidiuretic hormoen
- oxytocin
2 Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- cortisol
- aldosterone
6 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormones (GH)
- Adrenocorticotropin
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Lutenizing Horomone (LH)
- Prolactin
