Metabolic Integration

Question 1

What are the four things that Glucose-6-P can be converted to

Answer 1

1. Glucose1-P for use in glycogen
2. Glucose for release into the blood
3. 6-phophogluconolactetone to generate NADPH by pentose phosphate pathway
4. fructose-6-P, used in glycolytic pathway to produce pyruvate

Question 2

What does creatine kinase do

Answer 2

catalyzes a reversible transfer reaction that generates ATP in muscle cells that is a source of energy for muscle contraction

Question 3

What is resynthesized during the muscle recovery period

Answer 3

Phosphocreateine

Question 4

The brain depends on ___ as its sole energy source

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

what is the function of astrocytes

Answer 5

in the brain transport glucose metabolites to surrounding neruons

Question 6

what is hte main cite for PET imaging

Answer 6

Glucose in the brain

Question 7

What is the main export in the liver

Answer 7

glucose and triaglycerols

Question 8

triacylglycerols in the blood are hydrolyzed by what

Answer 8

LPL- lipoprotein lipase

Question 9

T or F: amino acids, ketone and lactate are at high levels in the blood

Answer 9

F

Question 10

what does the traicylglycerol cycle do

Answer 10

exchanges free fatty acids and triacylglycerols between adipose and liver cells

Question 11

Where does the glycernogenic pathway function

Answer 11

apidoctes and hepatocyctes

Question 12

Insulin and glucagon are ____ hormones produced in the ______ that control ______

Answer 12

peptide homrones produced in the pancreas and control glucose homeostasis

Question 13

what secretes insulin in the pancreas

Answer 13

islets of Langerhans in beta cells

Question 14

where is glucagon secreted

Answer 14

islets of langerhans in alpha cells

Question 15

what do delta cells produce

Answer 15

somatostatin which controls the seceretory process

Question 16

what do acinar cells synthesize

Answer 16

digestive enzymes

Question 17

Insulin signaling in the brain activates signals that regulate ____

Answer 17

eating behaviour

Question 18

what are the three key differences in insulin effects in lever vs muscle

Answer 18

1. GLUT4 in skeletal, GLUT2 in pancreas
2. skeletal muscles do not contain Glucose-6-p and fatty acid synthase so all glucose is used for metabolic fuel
3. Mass of skeletal muscle 30x grater than liver, therefore insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in muscle is hte primary mechanism

Question 19

activation of glucagon receptors in liver and adipose tissues incerases, what also increases to activate pKA

Answer 19

cAMP

Question 20

pKA also phosphorylates what in liver cells

Answer 20

glycogen synthase and phosphoyrlase kinase

Question 21

glucagon signaling in adipose tissue activates _____ hydrolysis

Answer 21

triacylglycerool

Question 22

PPAR signaling medates long term control of ____ ______

Answer 22

lipid metabolism

Question 23

PPAR alpha function

Answer 23

fatty acid oxidation, fasting response

Question 24

PPAR y function

Answer 24

lipid synthesis, insulin sensitivity

Question 25

PPAR d function

Answer 25

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 26

ligand binding to the PPAR receptor leads to gene activation through ___ ____ ___

Answer 26

transcriptional initiation complex

Question 27

conformational changes in PPAR-RXR heterodimer stimulate polyubiquination of _____ proteins tha recruit ______

Answer 27

corepressor, RNA polymerase

Question 28

what are the four major changes in metabolic flux during starvation

Answer 28

1- increase release of fatty acids 2- increased gluconeogenesis in liver and kidney 3- increase ketogenesis in liver 4- protein degradation in skeletal muscle

Question 29

What is the primary source of metabolic fuel during starvation

Answer 29

adopose and skeletal muscle

Question 30

fatty acids regenerate _____ for citrate cycle and production of ketone bodies during starvation

Answer 30

actetyl-CoA

Question 31

genetic defects in __ gene in mice leads to obesity

Answer 31

ob

Question 32

injecting leptin leads to what

Answer 32

reduced food intake and body mass

Question 33

leptin signalin pathways in first order POMC and NPY/AGRP neurons leads to decreased __________

Answer 33

fat storage

Question 34

what is metabolic syndrome

Answer 34

a cluster of conditions that when put together can increase risk of heart attacks, diabetes, stroke etc

Question 35

what are some symptoms of metabolic syndrome

Answer 35

insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia

Question 36

fatty acids lead to the activation of ____ _____ _

Answer 36

Protein kinase C

Question 37

what is inhibits phophornostide-3 kinase in the insulin signaling pathway in obese individuals

Answer 37

Serine

Question 38

What should normally be phosphorylated in insulin signaling pathway

Answer 38

Ter

Question 39

Serum levels of free fatty acids in obese idividuals could promote ____ resistance in ____ cells

Answer 39

insulin, muscle

Question 40

elevated levels of _____- __ leads to down regulation of gene expression and inhibition of insulin signaling

Answer 40

TNF-alpha

Question 41

reduced levels of adipenectin results in decrease activation of ____ signaling in muscle cells

Answer 41

AMPK

Question 42

what is hte most perscribed drug for treating type 2 diabetes

Answer 42

metformin

Question 43

what does metformin do

Answer 43

increases AMP levels and activates AMPK signaling to improve glucose and lipid metabolism

Question 44

AMPK plays a key role as a ____ ____

Answer 44

master regulator

Question 45

what is an example in which AMPK would be activated

Answer 45

stress responses like low glucose

Question 46

binding to AMPKy does what

Answer 46

activaetes the AMPK complex

Question 47

T or F: AMPK complex enhances both transcription and translocation in GLUT4

Answer 47

T

Question 48

What are thiazolidinediones

Answer 48

ligands for PPAR nuclear receptor proteins that when activating gene expression in adipose tissue it leads to increased insulin sensitivity